Det hollandsk oversøiske imperium (Het Nederlandse Koloniale Rijk) er et historisk imperium, der stadig delvist eksisterer.
Forstå
Efter uafhængigheden af Det spanske imperium i 1581 oprettede Holland et koloniale imperium alene. Det hollandske imperium var forskelligt fra nogle andre europæiske imperier på det tidspunkt, da det hovedsagelig var centreret omkring individuelle handelssteder, snarere end store arealer (Indonesien og Kapkolonien var undtagelser). Den hollandske kolonisering blev opdelt i to selskaber: Hollandsk East India Company, officielt Det Forenede Østindiske Kompagni (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie; VOC) der opererer i Afrika og Asien og Hollandsk Vestindisk Company (Geoctrooieerde Westindische Compagnie; GWC eller Westindische Compagnie; WIC) i Amerika. Et tredje firma på listen var Noordsche Compagnie (Nordic Company), aktiv i Svalbard og Jan Mayen. Disse firmaer var i fuld kontrol med kolonierne, indtil de blev overtaget af kronen i 1815. Indtil det tidspunkt bestod hvert enkelt firma af såkaldte kamre, som var lokale kontorer i større søfartsbyer. Disse virksomheder var dem, der købte og indsatte skibene. Disse kamre blev i tilfælde af VOC for eksempel holdt i skak af de såkaldte Heeren Zeventien (Gentlemen Seventeen), firmaets bestyrelse med 17 ledere.
Alligevel var hollænderne til stede i Amerika, Afrika og Asien, og hollandske opdagelsesrejsende, der arbejdede som VOC-medarbejdere, var de første europæere, der satte øjne og navngav waypoints mod Australien, Tasmanien og New Zealand. Indonesien udviklet som en VOC-koloni, centreret om handelsstedet for Batavia, omdøbt Jakarta efter uafhængighed. En kolonikrig med Portugisiske imperium fra 1606 til 1663 sluttede med tab af indflydelse i Sydamerika for hollænderne, i det sydøstlige Asien for portugiserne og noget uafgjort i Afrika.
Det hollandske fodfæste i disse bosættelser aftog hurtigt med Batavian Revolution (1795) og omdannelsen af den hollandske republik til det bataviske Holland. Mange af de kolonier, der ikke passerede ind i det nyfundne franske overherredømme (som f.eks Sydafrika) blev annekteret af engelsk, som valgte ikke at returnere dem efter at hollænderne genvandt deres uafhængighed som kongeriget Nederlandene.
Ligesom andre europæiske imperier blev de fleste af dets ejendele uafhængige i årtierne efter WWII. Dette gik i varierende grad af lethed med Indonesien kæmper for en revolution mod hollandsk overherredømme fra 1945 til 1949, da den fik sin uafhængighed. Fem år senere, Surinam og de Nederlandske Antiller fik en særlig status inden for kongeriget. Hollandsk Ny Guinea blev opbevaret indtil 1963, da det blev overført til Indonesien. Surinam fik derefter sin uafhængighed i 1975. I dag er der stadig seks caribiske øer, der er en del af Holland; disse var indtil 2010 kendt som De Nederlandske Antiller. Tre af disse, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius og Saba, er nu kendt som Caribien Holland, a offentlige organer i Holland. De tre andre, Aruba, Curaçao og Sint Maarten, er uafhængige lande inden for Kongeriget Nederlandene. Holland er fortsat et populært rejsemål for indvandrere fra dets tidligere kolonier og er hjemsted for store samfund i Surinam, Indonesien og Caribien.
Europa
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I Holland
Sagen med at have kolonier er, at du skal styre dem. De fleste kolonier blev styret fra en af de største byer i kolonien, men VOC og WIC blev begge styret af et væld af kamre spredt langs den hollandske kyst. Derudover er der adskillige ombyggede og replikerede skibe fra den tid, der findes, fundet over hele landet.
- 1 Oost-Indisch Huis (Amsterdam)
, Oude Hoogstraat 24, Amsterdam. Administrativt kontor for VOCs Amsterdam-afdeling. Foruden de tyve mænd, der udgjorde kammerets katalogbestyrelse, så det også de fleste møder i Heeren XVII (Heren Zeventien, Mine herrer sytten), den oprindeligt navngivne 17-ledede telefonbog for selve virksomheden. Huset er langt den største og mest imponerende VOC-bygning, der står den dag i dag. - 2 Oost-Indisch Huis (Hoorn), Muntstraat 4, Hoorn. Administrativt kontor til Hoorn-kammeret. Dens udvendige ville ikke vise sin tidligere brug udover dens fronton, som indeholder fire engle, der bærer Hoorn Chamber's logo.
- 3 Oost-Indisch Huis (Delft), Oude Delft 39, Delft. Delft, som ikke er en by med meget flådehistorie, sluttede sig ganske sent til de første rejser til Hollandsk Indien, der blev grundlagt omkring samme tid som selve VOC. Dets lokale før-VOC-virksomhed blev således optaget i VOC. Skibet, som det ønskede at nå Indien, blev omdøbt og satte kursen mod Bantam. Det meste af Delfts maritime historie fandt sted fra Delfshaven (Delft's Harbour) omkring 12 km syd, nær Rotterdam.
- 4 VOC-lagre (Hoorn), Onder de Boompjes, Hoorn.
- 5 Mauritshuis ved siden af Binnenhof, Den Haag. Med udsigt over vandet i Hofvijver-dammen blev det bygget som et hjem for Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen mellem 1636 og 1641 under hans guvernørskab af det hollandske Brasilien. Selvom det er ret lille, indeholder det nogle mesterværker af maleri, såsom Johannes Vermeer's Pige med perleørering og Udsigt over Delft, Rembrandt van Rijns selvportrætter i alderen 20 og 63 og Anatomiundervisningen af Dr. Nicolaes Tulpog Andy Warhols Dronning Beatrix. Voksen € 14, under 18 får gratis.
- 6 Westfries Museum, Roode Steen 1, Delft. Museum med en ganske bemærkelsesværdig samling på VOC, inklusive en hel temahall med objekter fra VOC-byerne Hoorn og Enkhuizen.
- 7 West-Indisch Huis (Amsterdam) , Herenmarkt, Amsterdam. Hovedkvarter for det hollandske vestindiske selskab fra 1647 til 1674, West-Indisch Huis er stedet, hvorfra der blev givet ordrer til at konstruere et fort på Manhattan (New York City) og lægger således starten på den metropol, vi kender i dag.
- 8 West-Indisch Pakhuis (Amsterdam), 's-Gravenhekje 1, Amsterdam
- 9 West-Indisch Huis (Dordrecht), Wijnstraat 87, Dordrecht.
- 10 De Amsterdam , en del af 11 Nederlands Scheepvaartmuseum , Amsterdam er en kopi af et 1748 VOC-skib, der strandede ved kysten af Hastings.
- 12 De Batavia , Bataviaplein, Lelystad. Kopi af Batavia, 1628 VOC skibet, der strandede ved Houtman Abrolhos. Strandingen blev fulgt med et mytteri og massemord. En del af det originale vrag kan findes på Western Australian Museums Shipwreck Galleries i Fremantle. Artefakterne ombord bevares på Western Australian Museum i Geraldton.
Tidligere bedrifter
Hollands nuværende grænser er aldrig blevet cementeret i tide. Over tid fik det og tabte kerneområde, dette var:
- 1 Belgien var en del af Kongeriget Nederlandene fra 1815 til 1830 efter Wienerkongressen (1815). Hollænderne skulle have ansvaret for en bufferstat, der ville forhindre Frankrig i at følge op på de gevinster, det så under Napoleonskrigene. Denne union var dog ikke en, der ville forblive i det lange løb. Den manglende støtte til et hollandsk herredømme over Belgien førte til den belgiske revolution (1830-1839), som efter hollandsk anerkendelse af belgisk uafhængighed i 1839 førte til den uafhængige nation, vi kender i dag.
- 2 Luxembourg var aldrig helt en del af Holland, men fra Wienerkongressen (1815) indtil 1890 var Storhertugdømmet under en personlig union med Holland, hvilket betyder, at dets statsoverhoved også var den luxembourgske. I modsætning til Belgiens sag stoppede denne union i 1867 med London-traktaten. Den daværende hollandske konge, William III, ønskede at sælge landet til Frankrig, som var alt for det. Nabo Preussengodkendte det dog ikke, hvilket førte til konflikt. Traktaten gjorde Luxembourg "på ubestemt tid", som på papir ville have afsluttet den personlige union og så 3 Limburg givet til William i erstatning. William III blev dog stadig dens hersker. Forbundet sluttede først formelt med sin død i 1890. Vilhelm III efterlod ingen mandlige arvinger, hvilket udgjorde et problem med de luxembourgske arveregler. Dette førte til, at de overtog en filial fra Nassau-Weilburgs hus, som stadig er dets kongehus den dag i dag.
- 4 Østfrisien var kortvarigt en del af Kongeriget Holland (1808-1810), som blev regeret af Louis Bonaparte (hollandsk: Lodewijk Napoleon Bonaparte), yngre bror til den velkendte Napoleon Bonaparte. Dens korte historie, da departementet for Østfrisland så det blive taget fra Preussen af franskmændene, bevilget og integreret i Kongeriget Nederlandene, som igen blev annekteret af Frankrig den 9. juli 1810. Det næste år blev det en afdeling for det første franske imperium som Ems-oriëntal (Eastern Ems). Efter det franske nederlag blev det en del af Kongeriget Hannover og Kongeriget Oldenburg.
- 5 Elten og 6 Selfkant var kompensationer fra Tyskland til Holland efter anden Verdenskrig. Disse annekteringer blev annonceret i 1949, hvilket tilføjede en samlet total på 69 km2 (27 kvm) til det hollandske territorium. Bortset fra disse to kommuner blev der foretaget mange flere små grænsekorrektioner langs den tysk-hollandske grænse, for det meste nær Nijmegen og omkring Achterhoek. Efter annektering startede Vesttyskland forhandlinger om at genvinde de to kommuner, hvilket resulterede i en tilbagevenden i 1963. Den nat, hvorefter territoriet blev returneret, den 31. juli den 1. august, er lokalt kendt som Eltener Butternacht (Elten Butter Night). Virksomheder ville sende deres lastbiler til Elten, have chaufføren parkeret der natten over og vågne op i Tyskland uden at skulle betale importafgift.
Forenede Stater
Det Forenede Stater ganske berømt indeholde tidligere hollandske kolonier, der blev 'handlet' med englænderne i 1674. Kolonien, kendt som "New Netherland" (Nieuw-Nederland) besatte det meste af den aktuelle dag New York, New Jersey og Delawareefter Delaware og Hudson floderne. Kolonien blev først udforsket i 1609, i starten af de tolv års trusel. Det hollandske East India Company sendte et skib for at finde en passage til Indien via vest. Det skib, de sendte, var Halve Maen (Halvmåne). Ekspeditionen opdagede især a kæmpe nordlige bugt, som nu bærer navnet på dens skipper Henry Hudson.
Fire år senere startede en ny ekspedition ledet af Adriaen Block. Hans skib, den Tijger (Tiger) brændte ned i det senere New Holland. Under hans forlængede ophold byggede han og hans besætning et nyt skib og udforskede og kortlagde det omkringliggende område, sejlede op ad East River og udforskede Lang ø. Kortet, som Block offentliggjorde, da han kom tilbage til Europa, ville introducere navnet "New Netherland". Derefter startede den virkelige kolonisering af New Holland.
- 1 Fort Nassau blev grundlagt i 1613 af Hendrick Christiaensen, der udnævnte fabrikken til ære for Stadtholder, der var af huset Orange-Nassau. Dens hovedformål var at handle bæverpels med lokalbefolkningen. Fortet ville blive oversvømmet af floden Hudson hvert år og blev således hurtigt forladt og erstattet med det mere sydlige 2 Fort Oranje (1624). I nærheden af det nye fort kaldes en by Beverwijck opstod i 1647, som ville blive omdøbt til Albany under engelsk regel.
- 3 Manhattan var det første stykke jord, der blev købt formelt fra de indfødte. Disse indfødte boede ikke på øen til at begynde med og troede sandsynligvis, at de solgte rettigheder til jagt, men alligevel var det nok at regne som et lovligt salg af jord til hollænderne. De første bosættere landede på Noten Eylant (Governors Island) i 1624, og bedrifterne blev udvidet op til 4 Fort Goede Hoop . Under Hollandsk-portugisisk kolonikrig, den sydamerikanske koloni i New Holland ophørte med at eksistere i 1654, og dets store sefardiske jødiske samfund flyttede til Manhattan.
Fra og med 1629 tillod det vestindiske selskab, at enkeltpersoner kunne starte deres egne godser i New Holland. Den største fortaler for denne plan var Kiliaen van Rensselaer, der grundlagde herregården i Renselaerswijck. På sit højeste strakte sig herregården i flere miles på begge sider af Hudson-floden. Efter succesen med Renselaerswijck, byen Beverwijck (moderne dag 5 Albany) blev grundlagt i et forsøg på at hæve magten fra Renselaerswijck. Sytten år efter grundlæggelsen, i 1664, var Beverwijck blevet den anden by i kolonien med en tusind indbyggere.
Under alt dette gjorde New Netherland sig ganske godt for sig selv. Mod vest var der imidlertid en anden koloni opstået: Det nye Sverige, som var en svensk-finsk koloni omkring det moderne Philadelphia. Det nye Sverige blev afgjort udelukkende på den vestlige bred af Delaware-floden for at undgå konflikt med hollænderne, der havde hævdet begge sider af floden. Hollænderne byggede i mellemtiden forter inden for deres påståede region, som begyndte at udgøre problemer for den svenske koloni. I 1654 forsøgte den svenske koloni at tage kontrol over 6 Fort Casimir 
, som de lykkedes i og straks omdøbt til Trefaltighet. Den nye hollandske guvernør, Peter Stuyvesant, overtog fortet året efter og erobrede hele det nye Sverige.
Hollænderne var ganske uagtsomme over for deres koloni i den nye verden og betragtede det som WIC's ansvar at forsvare det og tage sig af det. WIC havde i mellemtiden handel og opnået overskud som blandt sine vigtigste interesser, og da englænderne kom sammen for at annektere kolonien med fire fregatter den 27. august 1664, blev de mødt uden modstand. Lokalbefolkningen modstod ikke deres annektering, hovedsagelig fordi deres bønner om støtte fra hjemlandet mod de mange indfødtes angreb blev ubesvarede. Hollænderne, som gengældelse, besatte nutidens Surinam og britisk-Guyana under den anden engelsk-hollandske krig (1664). Underskrivelsen af Fred i Breda (1667) resulterede i en status quo: Hollænderne beholdt Surinam og englænderne holdt New Amsterdam. En endelig beslutning blev imidlertid overladt til fremtiden.
Status quo varede ikke længe, med den tredje engelsk-hollandske krig fulgte i 1672. Dette så New Amsterdam, 7 Fort Amsterdam og Beverwijck bliver besat af nederlandske styrker igen. Bosættelserne blev på dette tidspunkt også omdøbt til henholdsvis Nieuw-Oranje, Fort Willem Hendrik og Willemstadt, alt sammen til ære for den nye byholder William III af Orange-Nassau. Fred i Westminster (1674) så en ende på den hollandske koloni i Nordamerika. Nyt Holland blev korrekt overført til engelsk, og Surinam blev en ordentlig hollandsk koloni. Det nye Amsterdam samt andre bosættelser og forter blev hurtigt omdøbt til deres nuværende navne. Den hollandske republik fik igen fodfæste i den nye verden med hollandsk Arcadia, som bestod af dele af fransk Arcadia, bestående af dele af nutidens New Brunswick og Nova Scotia. Dette område blev returneret til franskmændene i 1675, og hollænderne tilbagekaldte deres krav tre år senere. Rivaliseringen mellem hollandsk og engelsk sluttede med den herlige revolution, hvor den hollandske stadhaver William III og hans kone, Mary II af England, overtog kontrollen i England.
Under deres tilstedeværelse blev følgende bosættelser grundlagt af de hollandske kolonister:
- På Manhattan:
- Nieuw-Amsterdam (Nye Amsterdam), nutidens sydlige Manhattan, som var hovedstaden i den hollandske koloni, ved at blive New York City efter engelsk regel. Oprindeligt opkaldt efter Amsterdam, omdøbte englænderne det på vegne af hertugen af York.
- Nieuw-Haarlem (New Harlem), moderne dag Harlem, opkaldt efter Haarlem.
- 8 Noortwijck (Nordafdeling) eller Greenwijck (Pine Ward), nu Greenwich Village.
- 9 Stuyvesants Bouwerij (Stuyvesants gård), oprindeligt ignoreret af WIC, bosatte Stuyvesant-familien sig her. Han byggede en gård, en herregård og et kapel og udviklede sin plantage til en bosættelse. Denne bosættelse var groft placeret i nutidens Bowery (Lower East Side/Chinatown)
- I Bronx og Yonkers:
- 10 Jonas Broncks Bouwerij (Jonas Broncks gård) eller Broncksland (Broncks land), grundlagt i 1639. Navnet blev til sidst ødelagt for at blive "Bronx" under engelsk styre. Det har givet sit navn til Bronx-floden, som Bronx selv senere blev opkaldt efter.
- 11 Colen Donck (Doncks koloni) eller Het Jonkers Land (Squires land), et protektion langs Hudson-floden. "Jonkers" i sig selv er en korruption af "Jonkheer", som blev ødelagt i nutidens Yonkers.
- I Queens:
- 12 Heemstede, grundlagt i 1644, blev det moderne Hampstead, opkaldt efter Heemstede, en by lige syd for Haarlem.
- 13 Vlissingen, der blev grundlagt et år senere, blev ødelagt i strømmen Queens / Flushing, opkaldt efter Vlissingen.
- 14 Middelburgh, grundlagt i 1652 og opkaldt efter Middelburg, blev omdøbt til Ny by under engelsk regel.
- 15 Rustdorp (Hvile eller Fred landsby). Afgjort i 1656 er det i dag kendt som Jamaica
- I Brooklyn:
- 16 's-Gravensande , formodentlig opkaldt efter 's-Gravenzande, nu kendt som Gravesend.
- 17 Breuckelen , opkaldt efter Breukelen, låner sit navn til Brooklyn. Den oprindelige forlig løj i nutiden Brooklyn Heights.
- 18 Nieuw-Amersfoort (Ny Amersfoort), moderne dag Flatlands
- 19 Midwout (Mellem træ), moderne dag Flatbush.
- 20 Nieuw-Utrecht (Ny Utrecht), moderne dag Ny Utrecht.
- 21 Boswijck (Forest Ward), moderne dag Bushwick.
- 16 's-Gravensande
- I Rensselaerswijck:
- I det tidligere Nysverige:
Caribien og Sydamerika
Vestindien
- Hollandsk Vestindien:
- 1 Aruba. Overtaget fra spanierne i 1636 er Aruba i dag stadig en del af Holland og er under kontrol af englænderne i løbet af 1807 og 1816. Øen har været vært for adskillige mineselskaber, herunder dem til guld og fosfat. Øen har lobbyet for uafhængighed siden 1947 og har fået ret til at regere sig selv i 1978. Siden starten af 1986 har øen en status som et uafhængigt land inden for Kongeriget Nederlandene og sætter den på samme niveau af autonomi som fastlandet Holland. Dens historie som en hollandsk koloni kan stadig opleves den dag i dag, det være sig ved navn på steder eller det sprog, som de indfødte taler, det at være enten hollandsk eller papiamento.
- 2 Bonaire. Også taget fra spanierne i 1636 blev Bonaire for det meste brugt af hollænderne til at vinde salt, som oprindeligt blev gjort ved hjælp af slaver. Slaveri blev afskaffet i 1863 på Bonaire og resten af Vestindien. Holland mistede sin magt over øen to gange til briterne i det tidlige nittende århundrede, hvor øen blev bestemt hollandsk jord i 1816, hvilket førte til, at hollænderne byggede Fort Oranje for at garantere, at det ikke ville miste øen igen. Efter Anden Verdenskrig fik øen langsomt at vokse sin position som turisthotspot. I 1954 blev øen en autonom del inden for kongeriget Nederlandene, der var en del af de hollandske Antiller. Da dette land ophørte med at eksistere i 2010, blev øen i stedet en "speciel kommune" inden for Holland.
- 1 Aruba. Overtaget fra spanierne i 1636 er Aruba i dag stadig en del af Holland og er under kontrol af englænderne i løbet af 1807 og 1816. Øen har været vært for adskillige mineselskaber, herunder dem til guld og fosfat. Øen har lobbyet for uafhængighed siden 1947 og har fået ret til at regere sig selv i 1978. Siden starten af 1986 har øen en status som et uafhængigt land inden for Kongeriget Nederlandene og sætter den på samme niveau af autonomi som fastlandet Holland. Dens historie som en hollandsk koloni kan stadig opleves den dag i dag, det være sig ved navn på steder eller det sprog, som de indfødte taler, det at være enten hollandsk eller papiamento.
- 3 Curaçao. Efter at være "opdaget" af spanierne sommeren 1499, indeholdt øen Curaçao oprindeligt omkring 2000 indfødte, som alle blev afsendt som slaver i 1515. Tolv år senere blev øen bosat af spanierne, der endte med at skabe en kolonial besiddelse ved forsøg og fejl. Selvom produktionen af kvægrelaterede produkter gik ret godt, betragtede spanierne stadig øen som ubrugelig, da afgrødeavl ikke gav dem meget af noget. Dette gør det, at efter et raid fra det hollandske Vestindiske selskab i august 1634 overgav spanierne øen til hollænderne. WIC tog primært øen, da det så ud til at være et lovende sted at gennemføre flådeovergreb fra.Efter erobring befæstede hollænderne hurtigt øen med befæstninger på vigtige steder, såsom Saint Anna Bay, hvor øens primære vandkilde var placeret. Ikke længe efter, i 1635/1636, blev Fort Amsterdam opført på Punda. Disse fæstningsværker kostede mange penge, mens øen var lidt mere nyttig end den var i spansk tid, hvilket gjorde WICs bibliotek (De Heeren XIX) divideret med øens værdi. Curaçao blev imidlertid holdt, muligvis på grund af de delte meninger om øen. Uanset hvad viste øen sig mere værdifuldt over tid. Med faldet af det hollandske Brasilien i 1654 blev Curaçao mere et handelscenter for de hollandske vestbundne aktiviteter.WIC startede sine slavehandelsaktiviteter i 1665. Slaver ville blive erhvervet i vestafrikanske hollandske bedrifter eller udenlandske handelsbyer og sendt til den nye verden derfra. I 1674 omdannede WIC Curaçao til en "fri havn" (Vrijhaven), hvilket betyder, at det fik evnen til at lette slavehandelen, som det hurtigt blev et vigtigt handelscenter for. Dette forværrede forbindelserne med hovedsagelig Frankrig og England. I løbet af 1713 blev øen kort tid besat af den franske privatør Jacques Cassard som et resultat. I resten af det 18. århundrede forsøgte Curaçao at konsolidere sin position som et handelshub, skønt den sydlige handel med de spanske kolonier i høj grad var begrænset af den spanske kystvagt, skabt til livet for at stoppe den ulovlige handel med tobak og kakao . Dertil kommer en øget indflydelse af engelsk og fransk, hvor vigtigheden af Curaçao begyndte at aftage. Landbrugsindsatsen til eksport blev stoppet senere, og landets produkter blev mere brugt lokalt. Dette gjorde, at øens hovedindkomst var slavehandel.WIC konkurs i 1791 og tvang den hollandske stat til at overtage kolonien. Fire år senere gjorde slaver på øen oprør, skønt oprøret straks blev taget ned. I 1800 blev øen besat af briterne, som selv blev tvunget ud af indfødte tre år senere. De overtog øen igen i 1807 for kun at returnere øen til hollandske hænder i 1816. For at sænke omkostningerne ved driften af kolonierne blev Curaçao og de andre hollandske caribiske øer sat under direkte kontrol af Paramaribo i 1828, hvor øerne fik en koloni af sig selv i 1845 blev styret fra Curaçao, da kontrol fra Paramaribo ikke viste sig at være frugtbar og effektiv. Hollænderne afskaffede slavehandelen i 1863. Fra det tidspunkt til det tidlige 20. århundrede arbejdede øen mest inden for fiskeri, handel og landbrug. Da der i 1914 blev fundet store oliereserver i Venezuela, skiftede øen hurtigt til raffinaderiindustrien, som øen stadig er kendt for, bortset fra turisme. Øen fik sin politiske uafhængighed med resten af de hollandske Antiller i 1954. Siden 2010 har øen en lignende status som Aruba inden for kongeriget Nederlandene.
- 3 Curaçao. Efter at være "opdaget" af spanierne sommeren 1499, indeholdt øen Curaçao oprindeligt omkring 2000 indfødte, som alle blev afsendt som slaver i 1515. Tolv år senere blev øen bosat af spanierne, der endte med at skabe en kolonial besiddelse ved forsøg og fejl. Selvom produktionen af kvægrelaterede produkter gik ret godt, betragtede spanierne stadig øen som ubrugelig, da afgrødeavl ikke gav dem meget af noget. Dette gør det, at efter et raid fra det hollandske Vestindiske selskab i august 1634 overgav spanierne øen til hollænderne. WIC tog primært øen, da det så ud til at være et lovende sted at gennemføre flådeovergreb fra.Efter erobring befæstede hollænderne hurtigt øen med befæstninger på vigtige steder, såsom Saint Anna Bay, hvor øens primære vandkilde var placeret. Ikke længe efter, i 1635/1636, blev Fort Amsterdam opført på Punda. Disse fæstningsværker kostede mange penge, mens øen var lidt mere nyttig end den var i spansk tid, hvilket gjorde WICs bibliotek (De Heeren XIX) divideret med øens værdi. Curaçao blev imidlertid holdt, muligvis på grund af de delte meninger om øen. Uanset hvad viste øen sig mere værdifuldt over tid. Med faldet af det hollandske Brasilien i 1654 blev Curaçao mere et handelscenter for de hollandske vestbundne aktiviteter.WIC startede sine slavehandelsaktiviteter i 1665. Slaver ville blive erhvervet i vestafrikanske hollandske bedrifter eller udenlandske handelsbyer og sendt til den nye verden derfra. I 1674 omdannede WIC Curaçao til en "fri havn" (Vrijhaven), hvilket betyder, at det fik evnen til at lette slavehandelen, som det hurtigt blev et vigtigt handelscenter for. Dette forværrede forbindelserne med hovedsagelig Frankrig og England. I løbet af 1713 blev øen kort tid besat af den franske privatør Jacques Cassard som et resultat. I resten af det 18. århundrede forsøgte Curaçao at konsolidere sin position som et handelshub, skønt den sydlige handel med de spanske kolonier i høj grad var begrænset af den spanske kystvagt, skabt til livet for at stoppe den ulovlige handel med tobak og kakao . Dertil kommer en øget indflydelse af engelsk og fransk, hvor vigtigheden af Curaçao begyndte at aftage. Landbrugsindsatsen til eksport blev stoppet senere, og landets produkter blev mere brugt lokalt. Dette gjorde, at øens hovedindkomst var slavehandel.WIC konkurs i 1791 og tvang den hollandske stat til at overtage kolonien. Fire år senere gjorde slaver på øen oprør, skønt oprøret straks blev taget ned. I 1800 blev øen besat af briterne, som selv blev tvunget ud af indfødte tre år senere. De overtog øen igen i 1807 for kun at returnere øen til hollandske hænder i 1816. For at sænke omkostningerne ved driften af kolonierne blev Curaçao og de andre hollandske caribiske øer sat under direkte kontrol af Paramaribo i 1828, hvor øerne fik en koloni af sig selv i 1845 blev styret fra Curaçao, da kontrol fra Paramaribo ikke viste sig at være frugtbar og effektiv. Hollænderne afskaffede slavehandelen i 1863. Fra det tidspunkt til det tidlige 20. århundrede arbejdede øen mest inden for fiskeri, handel og landbrug. Da der i 1914 blev fundet store oliereserver i Venezuela, skiftede øen hurtigt til raffinaderiindustrien, som øen stadig er kendt for, bortset fra turisme. Øen fik sin politiske uafhængighed med resten af de hollandske Antiller i 1954. Siden 2010 har øen en lignende status som Aruba inden for kongeriget Nederlandene.
- 4 Saba.
- 5 Sint Maarten. På øen, der deles med Frankrig, er den franske side Saint Martin.
- 6 Sint Eustatius.
- 7 Surinam.
Brasilien
- I løbet af 1606-1663 hollandsk-portugisisk kolonikrig forsøgte hollænderne grundlæggelsen af kolonien New Holland i Brasilien, med besættelse af:
- 8 Salvador. Den koloniale hovedstad og mål for det første angreb. Det blev fanget og fyret af en flåde fra West India Company under Jacob Willekens og Piet Hein den 10. maj 1624. Johan van Dorth administrerede kolonien før hans mord, hvorved slaverne blev befriet. Byen blev generobret af en luso-spansk flåde under Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo y Mendoza den 1. maj 1625.
- 9 São Luís. Grundlagt på en ø som hovedstad i den foreløbige koloni af Frankrig Équinoxiale i 1612 blev den erobret af portugiserne i 1615. I 1641 blev byen invaderet af hollænderne, der forlod i 1645.
- 10 Natal. Albuquerque Maranhão begyndte den 6. januar 1598 med opførelsen af fortet til de hellige konger eller Magi-kongene (Forte dos Santos Reis eller Forte dos Reis Magos), opkaldt efter de tre vise mænd, hædret under den kristne fest for Epifanie, fejret den dag. Natal ("Fødselskirken" eller "Jul" på portugisisk) blev grundlagt den 25. december 1599 og gav landsbyen uden for fortet den nuværende bys navn. Fortet, byen og de omkringliggende områder blev besat af hollandske styrker fra 1633 til 1654. De omdøbte fortet "Fort Ceulen".
belejringen af
- 11 Olinda (7 km nord for Recife). Hovedstaden for det arvelige kaptajn Pernambuco, blev belejret af indtrængerne fra invasionens start, til sidst plyndret og brændt i 1631. Derefter faldt det i betydning, og Recife blev hovedstad i Pernambuco i 1827.
og grundlæggelsen af
- 12 Recife (Mauritsstadt). Opkaldt efter den tyske grev Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen, guvernør fra 1637 til 1644, var det hovedstaden i kolonien i New Holland, der blev grundlagt på øen António Vaz i 1630. Efter West India Companys større, bedre udstyrede hærs nederlag (omend et snævert et ) til en portugisisk og indfødt styrke i Guararapes-slaget i 1649 i dens udkant, mening i Amsterdam mente, at "det hollandske Brasilien nu ikke længere har en fremtid, der er værd at kæmpe for", hvilket effektivt forseglede koloniens skæbne. De sidste angribere blev udvist fra Recife i 1654. Recife Antigo er bevaret og værd at besøge og har en tidligere synagoge, der blev opdaget som sådan i 1990'erne.
og
- 13 Fortaleza (Fort Schoonenborch). I 1637 tog hollænderne det gamle portugisiske fort af São Sebastião. I kampe med portugiserne og indfødte i 1644 blev fortet ødelagt. Under kaptajn Matthias Beck byggede det hollandske vestindiske selskab en ny fæstning ved bredden af floden Pajeú. Fort Schoonenborch ("yndefuldt højborg") åbnede officielt den 19. august 1649. Efter kapituleringen af Pernambuco i 1654 overgav hollænderne dette fort til portugiserne, der omdøbte det Fortaleza da Nossa Senhora de Assunção ("Vor Frue af antagelsens fæstning"), hvorefter byen blev opkaldt.
Afrika
Sydafrika
Det Nederlandse Kaapkolonie (Hollandsk Cape Colony), officielt titlen Tussenstation Kaap de Goede Hoop (Mellemstationer Cape of Good Hope), var en hollandsk koloni bosat af VOC omkring 1 Kaapstad (Sydafrika). Kolonien blev startet i 1652 og tabt for briterne i 1795, som besatte den i otte år og returnerede den til det Bataverske Commonwealth, Holland 'officielle navn mellem den franske revolution og annektering af franskmændene. Briterne besatte kolonien endnu en gang tre år senere, siden det bavavske Commonwealth blev en fuldmægtigstat til Frankrig, som englænderne var i krig med, og i Paris-traktaten (1814) blev kolonien overført til britiske hænder, som den ikke ville ' ikke forlade indtil uafhængighed i 1931.
"Kolonien ved Kap" startede ved et uheld i marts 1647, da Nieuw Haarlem (Ny-Haarlem) ødelagt ved kappen. Den skibbrudte besætning byggede et lille fort, som de navngav Zand Fort van de Kaap de Goede Hoop (Sandfort på Cape of Good Hope). Da han blev reddet næsten et år senere, satte en del af besætningen sig for at overbevise VOC om at åbne et handelshub ved Kap. VOC oprettede en ekspedition ledet af Jan van Riebeeck senere, som nåede sit bestemmelsessted den 6. april 1652 og skabte den første permanente bosættelse ved Kap. Besætningen, der tællede blandt dem halvfems calvinist kolonister, grundlagde et fort lavet af ler og træ, som mellem 1666 og 1679 ville blive erstattet med 2 Kasteel de Goede Hoop , i dag den ældste bygning i hele Sydafrika. Kolonien købte jord ud af de indfødte Khoikhoi-stammer, da de havde brug for udvidelse.
De første kolonister sendt til Kap var for det meste fra mellemlagene i det hollandske samfund, hvilket førte til ligegyldighed blandt dem med hensyn til, hvordan kolonien ville blive. Dette ændrede sig, da en kommissær i 1685 blev sendt for at holde kolonien i skak. Dette tiltrak en ny gruppe indvandrere til kolonierne: Franske huguenotter, som efter at have mistet deres sikkerhed i Frankrig, flygtede til den hollandske republik og dens kolonier. På grund af hvordan hollænderne styrede kolonien (uddannelse var kun tilladt for dem, der talte hollandsk), var den franske indflydelse gået tabt halvvejs gennem det 18. århundrede. Deres arv overlever dog i navnet 3 Franschhoek (Fransk hjørne), opkaldt efter de 176 hugenotter, der bosatte sig der i 1688.
Kolonien voksede over tid og tvang de lokale Khoikhoi-stammer, som allerede var svækket af sygdom, til enten at blive en del af kolonien og arbejde for de hollandske bosættere eller at migrere nordpå og møde fjendtlige fjendtlige stammer der. Cape-regeringen begyndte at skubbe love ud i 1787, som havde til formål at gøre den resterende nomadiske Khoikhoi i stigende grad afhængig af hollænderne.
På trods af de fjendtlige omgivelser med både fjendtlige stammer og landskab, der til at begynde med ikke var meget dyrkbare, fortsatte kolonien med at ekspandere, hvilket til sidst førte til, at VOC begrænsede kolonien, som de udelukkende ville være en forsyningspost snarere end en løsning, der ville ende med at koste dem penge. Disse love lod VOC-biblioteket standse den åbne migration til kolonien, gav det monopol på dets eksport, gav det fuldstændig styre over det og lod det desuden diktere, hvad landmændene skulle dyrke på deres jord, hvilket gav VOC en stor procentdel af høsten. Kolonisterne, som for det meste forlod Holland korrekt på grund af deres frihedssyn på livet, var forståeligt nok utilfredse med lovene. I forsøg på at undslippe kontrollen med VOC vendte de ind i landet og bosatte sig jord for sig selv, hvilket ikke var under kontrol over virksomheden. VOC kunne til sidst ikke gøre andet end at anerkende disse territorier. 4 Swellendam fik en dommer i 1745, 5 Graaff-Reinet fulgte andet i 1786. Floden Gamtoos skulle være den officielle nye grænse fra dette punkt, som blev ignoreret, og landet øst for floden blev hurtigt afgjort. Kolonisterne og landmændene (Boeren, senereBoers) til trods for at være enig i VOC-biblioteket om, at Grote Visrivier skulle være den nye østlige grænse, fik han ikke den beskyttelse, de havde brug for, fra de lokale stammer. Dette førte til, at de udviste koloniens embedsmænd og organiserede den første Boerrepublikker.
Før den britiske besættelse af Cape Colony i 1795 efter den beskæftigelse af den hollandske republik af den franske hær, bestod kolonien af fire distrikter: Kaap, 6 Stellenbosch da 7 Drakenstein , Swellendam og Graaff-Reinet, som tilsammen tællede nogle over 60.000 indbyggere. Englænderne fulgte anvisningerne fra den hollandske stadhaver William V fra Orange-Nassau om at "modstå franskmændene med alle mulige midler", hvilket for England betød at besætte hollandske kolonier, før franskmændene kunne kræve dem, hvilket var en eksplicit anmodning fra byholderen. Koloniets guvernør nægtede oprindeligt at følge den fredelige besættelse, men da englænderne truede med brugen af vold, gav han efter. Briterne fortsatte med at annektere de to Boerrepublikker ikke meget senere samme år.
Fred af Amiens (1803), så kontrol over kolonien blive returneret til det bataviske Commonwealth, men seks år senere blev kolonien igen overtaget af englænderne. Denne gang var magtoverførslen dog permanent, da William I fra Holland underskrev kolonien i London-traktaten fra 1814. Hollandsk forening og forbindelser med efterkommerne efter bosættere af Kaap (The Boers) continued up into the 1960s, due to the Boer Republics they founded following the Great Trek and the migration of many Dutch citizens into South Africa following World War II.
Central and West Africa
- 8 Arguin is best known as a Portuguese colony. The Dutch, however, controlled the island from 1633 to 1678, having conquered it from the Portuguese. The Dutch, in turn, lost the island to the French, from which it was transferred to Brandenburg, then back to the French, and then briefly back to the Dutch again from 1722 to 1724. Again, control was lost to the French after only two brief years. The island is nowadays part of Mauritania, a former French colony.
- Senegambia eller Bovenkust (Upper Coast) was the name for the collection of forts and factories in modern-day Gambia og Senegal. The most notable use of these holdings was to collect slaves for transport to the Caribbean. The area was a federation of loose settlements by the WIC, which controlled it from the island of Gorée, off the coast of Dakar. The island was lost to the French in 1677, and the rest of the holdings, including the previously mentioned Arguin, followed the year after.
- 9 Gorée , for which we don't know exactly how it got into Dutch hands in 1617, though a purchase off of locals is assumed and documented. The island was under Dutch control from 1617 to 1677, with a one year hiatus in 1664. The island consisted of two forts; one on the north side (Fort Nassau) and one on the south side (Fort Oranje). The French, which were in control of the island after 1677, rebuilt pretty much the entire island. Both forts have been destroyed by the French in their successful attempt of conquering the island, and the WIC did not return, since it was quickly losing its market-share already.
- 10 Portudal , a Dutch possession between 1633 and 1678, after which it was lost to the Portuguese, was the main base in the region from which the WIC acquired slaves and ivory. In the 1980s, the settlement was developed into a seaside resort.
- 11 Rufisque (1633-1678), at the time an important harbour and centre of trade.
- 12 Joal (1633-1678), a similarly noticeable port and centre of trade.
- 9 Gorée
- Loango-Angolakust (Loango-Angola Coast, better known as Dutch Loango-Angola) was a short-lived Dutch colony in modern-day Gabon, Congo-Brazzaville og Angola. The colony was originally Portuguese, but was captured and controlled by the WIC for seven years between 1641 and 1648. The controlled cities were:
- 13 Luanda, being the largest city in the 17th century slave trade, Luanda was of much strategic interest to the WIC, which first attempted to take the city and its fort in 1624. This failed, and a second attempt was made some twenty-five years later in 1641. The fort was rebranded to Fort Aardenburgh. The WIC continued the slave trade in the seven years it controlled the city, but during that time, it "only" saw 14,000 slaves transported. The city was not seen as profitable to the Dutch, and thus when Portugal retook the city in 1648, it was decided that Dutch interests in the slave trade would go no further south than Congo.
- 14 Benguela was also captured by the same effort as Luanda in 1641. It had a similar story to Luanda altogether. Profits were low, and when the Portuguese came knocking again seven years later, the Dutch didn't consider it to be in their interests to retake the city.
- 15 Cabinda is more of the same, though it is special in that the WIC kept an agent situated there for the purpose of buying slaves until 1689.
- 16 Cambambe eller Ensadeira Eiland (Ensadeira Island), notable for not being a coastal town or fort, was settled by the Dutch in 1643 next to a Portuguese factory. The factory was subsequently expanded along the river Cuanza. The settlement turned into a fort, named after the person in charge: Fort Mols. After the Portuguese retook most of the Dutch colony in 1648, the fort was abandoned as well.
- 17 Coriso was captured in 1642, and control was lost to the Portuguese again in 1648. A second attempt at capturing the city to revive the Dutch slave trade was done in the 1680s, but it wasn't successful.
- 18 Loango was a relatively profitable settlement along the river Congo. Until 1670 there was mostly trade in ivory and copper, after which the slave trade started taking over. Since the trade wasn't as amazing as expected, the settlement was abandoned in 1684. A second attempt to start the trade from here was done in 1721, but the settlement was conquered by locals five years later.
- 19 Malembo was similarly controlled by the WIC during 1641 and 1648. It was considered to be the last profitable settlement in the colony. Mostly ivory, copper and slaves were traded. When the city became Portuguese, the WIC continued trading with the city.
- Slavenkust (Dutch Slave Coast) or Nederlands Guinea (Dutch Guinea) most consisted of Dutch factories enabling the Dutch slave trade. Dutch involvement here started around 1640 and ended around 1760. The timeline and exact involvement of the colony aren't as well documented as some of the others. Many factories in the region simply were slowly abandoned over time, with others simply not being listed any longer between documentations on the colony. Quite a few of the dates on the colony's timeline are therefore vague.
- 20 Allada (1660-?)
- 21 Annobon (1641-?)
- 22 Benin City (1660-1740)
- 23 Grand-Popo (1660-?)
- 24 Ouidah (1670-1724)
- 25 Principe (circa 1589)
- 26 São Tomé (1641-1648), like most of Laongo-Angola was captured from the Portuguese.
- 20 Allada
- Nederlandse Goudkust (Dutch Gold Coast) is the most successful of the Dutch African colonies. Regardless of its name, it was for the most part financially dependent on the slave trade, especially near the end of Dutch rule. Most of these slaves were shipped to Curaçao, where they would be sold on markets to work in, amongst others, Dutch Guyana (Suriname). The colony came to an end with the Gold Coast Treaty (1871), in which the Netherlands sold the colony to the English, in return for 47,000 Dutch Guilders, as well as the English vow to not intervene in Dutch attempts to conquer Atjeh. The treaty also dropped the double taxation on British ships in the Dutch Indies, in return for which the Brits revoked their claim on Sumatra. The main settlements and forts in the colony were:
- 27 Fort Amsterdam (1655-1811), rebranded to Fort Cormantine (after Cormantijn or Cormantine, the nearest settlement, known today as Kortmantse) during British rule, who built the fort in 1631. Some thirty years later, in 1665, the fort was captured by Dutch naval hero Michiel de Ruyter as compensation for Dutch forts taken earlier that year. The fort was granted to the WIC, who renamed it. Initially, gold was the main sales product, which was traded against booze, tobacco and guns. Later on, the slave trade would take over. The fort would briefly be under British occupation again from 1782 to 1785. It became Dutch again, but was overrun by native forces in 1811, forcing the Dutch to abandon the fort. The fort's ruins were largely restored in the early 1970s, funded in part by the Dutch government.
- 28 Fort William III eller Fort Apollonia, founded as a trading post by the Swedish for their short-lived Gold Coast Colony (1655-1657), the settlement quickly fell into English hands, which between 1768 and 1770 extended it to a fort in the nearby limestone rocks through the means of slave labour. Due to the abolition of slavery, the British saw profits from the fort dwindle, and thus left the fort in 1819. The fort became Dutch in 1868, who renamed it after their king, William III. Four years later, the Dutch too left the fort following the Gold Coast Treaty of the year prior. The fort has been bombed by the British the year after, but restored in the late 1960s. The fort has reopened in 2010.
- 29 Fort Batenstein
- 30 Carolusburg (eller Cape Coast Castle)
- 31 Christiansborg
- 32 Coenraadsburg
- 33 Crevecœur
- 34 Fort Dorothea
- 35 Fort Goede Hoop (Fort Good Hope)
- 36 Fort Hollandia (eller Groß-Friedrichsburg/Groot Frederiksburg)
- 37 Fort Leydsaemheyt (eller Fort Leidzaamheid, Fort Patience)
- 38 Fort Metalen Kruis (Fort Metal Cross)
- 39 Fort Nassau
- 40 Fort Oranje (Fort Orange)
- 41 Santo Antonio de Axim (or shortened as Axim)
- 42 Fort Sint George (eller São Jorge de Mina eller Fort Elmina)
- 43 San Sebastian (eller Shama/Chama)
- 44 Fort Singelenburg (Fort Moat Fortress, også kendt som Fort Keta eller Fort Prinzenstein)
- 45 Vredenburg (Fort Peace Fortress)
- 27 Fort Amsterdam
Asia and Oceania
Indonesien
- 1 Ambon (Maluku). The Spice Islands' provincial capital, originally named Nossa Senhora de Anunciada, founded by Portuguese-Moluccan Governor Sancho de Vasconcelos. The Portuguese were driven out by the Dutch in 1609. It has a number of interesting historical and cultural sites, among them the remnants of forts built by the Dutch East Indies Company during the heyday of the spice trade. The ruins of the Portuguese fort at Hila are almost entirely hidden beneath the contorted roots of a giant banyan tree.
- 2 Banda Islands (Maluku). The original habitat of the Myristica fragrans tree, from which seeds mace and nutmeg are extracted. First colonized by the Portuguese, were wrested by the Dutch who later fought the Spice Wars with the British. In the Treaty of Breda in 1667, the British agreed to withdraw and gave up Pulau Run to the Dutch, partly in exchange for another small island on the other side of the world: New Amsterdam, now better known as Manhattan. Their capital Banda Neira features the 1661 Fort Belgica, fully restored, close to the ruins of the older and unrestored Fort Nassau.
- 3 Bengkulu (Sumatra). First conquered by the Dutch in 1682. The British came later, naming the area Bencoolen, and secured a safe anchorage spot for their ships. Their first fort (Fort York) didn’t last very long, leading them to built Fort Marlborough in 1714, which still robustly stands today. In the 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty, British Bencoolen was ceded in exchange for Dutch Malacca.
- 4 Jakarta (Western Java). Under the name Batavia, it was the capital of the Dutch East Indies, known as the "Queen of the East". However, the Dutch made the mistake of attempting to replicate the home country by digging canals throughout the malarial swamps in the area, resulting in shockingly high death rates and earning the town the epithet "White Man's Graveyard". In the early 1800s, most canals were filled in and the town was shifted 4 km inland.
- 5 Makassar (Sulawesi). Seized by the VOC in 1667, this spot became a collecting point for the produce of eastern Indonesia: copra, rattan, pearls, trepang, sandalwood and the famous oil made from bado nuts used in Europe as men's hairdressing – hence the anti-macassars (embroidered cloths protecting the head-rests of upholstered chairs). Arabs, Malays, Thai and Chinese came here to trade. Its central sight nowadays is Fort Rotterdam, an old fortress from Dutch colonial days. Entrance is free.
Malaysia
- 6 Malacca (Malaysia). For 130 years (1511–1641), was a Portuguese colony. The 3rd VOC Fleet conducted a siege in 1606. It was finally assaulted and conquered by the Dutch with their local allies in January 1641, and governed as a VOC colony until 1825, when it was handed to the British in exchange for the British colonies on Sumatra.
Indien
Dutch holdings in and around India consist of three different colonies. These were the Coromandel Coast (Kust van Coromandel) in the modern-day Andhra Pradesh og Tamil Nadu, Dutch Bengal, located roughly in modern-day Bangladesh, and Dutch Ceylon in modern-day Sri Lanka.
- Coromandel Coast is named for the town of Karimanal, some 50 km (31 mi) from Chennai. In 1606, a Dutch ship stopped on the shores near the village and stuck a trade agreement with locals, which is deemed to be the start of the colony. Permission to actually settle the colony came two year later from Queen Eraivi, wife of King Venkata II of Vijayanagara. Cloth was the most exported good from the colony, which was centred around Pulicat. The colony slipped completely from Dutch rule in 1825.
- 7 Pulicat (Fort Geldria) . Having been granted permissions to settle a colony, Fort Geldria was erected in 1613. It was the main city of the colony until 1690, when it moved to Nagapattinam, being reinstated as the capital once Nagapattinam fell into British hands in 1781.
- 8 Nagapattinam (Fort Vijf Sinnen) was captured from the Portuguese in 1658. It was initially made a part of Dutch Ceylon. After the Portuguese fort was reduced to rubble following a flood in 1660, Vijf Sinnen was built anew atop the rubble. This fort then became the new capital of Dutch Coromandel until it fell to the British in 1781.
- 9 Fort Sadras was established in 1612 and upgraded to a full factory in 1654. In 1749 a fort was completed at the site. Like Vijf Sinnen, it was taken by the British in 1781, but unlike Vijf Sinnen, Sadras was returned under the 1784 Treaty of Paris. The factory supplied high-quality cotton and bricks to Batavia and Ceylon.
- 10 Fort Bheemunipatnam , settled in 1652, was fortified in 1758. It primarily traded rice, which was shipped to Ceylon.
- 11 Fort Jaggernaikpoeram became an important centre for the textile trade from 1734 onwards, when it took over this role from Draksharama, which was located further inland.
- 12 Parangippettai , being settled in 1608 and abandoned in 1825, is one of the longest-used Dutch factories.
- 13 Palakol was a trading post for textile, lamp oil, wood, roofing tiles and bricks, which was used from 1613 to 1825, being temporarily abandoned in 1730.
- 14 Masulipatnam was the first Dutch factory in the colony being erected in 1605, eventually being abandoned in 1756.
- 15 Nizampatnam is the second factory settled by the Dutch, being settled in 1606 and abandoned half a century later.
- 16 Golkonda was an important staple market to the VOC. The Dutch presence here was expanded with a full factory in 1664. Local unrest saw the trade diminish, which led to the abandonment of the factory in 1733.
- 17 Puducherry is the outcast on the list, being under Dutch rule for six years. Duning the Nine Years' War, the VOC set out to expand its influence in India, conquering Puducherry from the French in 1693, but returning it to French hands again in 1699.
- 7 Pulicat (Fort Geldria)
- Bengal was another directory of the VOC in India from 1610 to 1800, after which the directory was transformed into a colony under the Dutch crown. Twenty-five years later, the colony would be handed over to the British, following the 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty. From Bengal, about 50% of all textiles and 80% of all silks traded by the VOC were imported.
- 18 Pipeli was visited by the VOC from as early as 1627. It ran its local business from here until 1635, after which the unhealthy climate, recurring river floods, and the river's tendency to block up, forced it to relocate. The harbour city saw mostly slaves and saltpeter be traded through it. After 1635, the town was still being traded with as like any other harbour, though there was never a permanent settlement.
- 19 Baleshwar was located about five miles south of Pipeli, being sailed to by the English from 1633 onward, the French from 1674 onward, and the Danes from 1676. In 1675, the Dutch too opened a factory, which mostly functioned to connect the Bengal and Coromandel. The fort here was built by the British East India Company, though named for the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange, who served beside his wife Mary II as the King of England, Scotland and Ireland following the Glorious Revolution.
- 20 Patna was a considerably small trading post, located some ways land-inward. It was usually staffed with only eight men, trading in saltpeter, cotton and amphonics (raw opiates).
- 21 Chhapra was established as a saltpeter factory during the 18th century, which was often refined into gunpowder.
- 22 Cossimbazar (Kasim Bazar) was one of the most important Dutch trading posts in the Bengal. Its main export product was silk, which was very desirable in Japan, and sold there for a considerable mark-up. The VOC opened a weaving mill here, which at its height employed around 600 men and women. Cossimbazar also had its own minting office, printing silver rupees, which were used through the Mughal Empire.
- 23 Dhaka, centre of the silk trade, saw the arrival of both the Dutch and the British in 1665.
- 24 Malda was a short-lived trading post. Due to the bad condition of the VOC-housing, as well as the tensions between the traders and the locals, the trading post was quickly closed again.
- 25 Murshidabad, like Cossimbazar, was used between 1710 and 1759 as a minting office, following up 26 Rajmahal as a settlement for silver minting. Its hospital was located in nearby 27 Mirzapore.
- 28 Sherpur saw a temporary VOC office for the silk trade. Its silk, however, was of considerably lesser quality than that of Cassimbar, which was considerably more profitable.
- The Dutch settlement in 29 Rajshahi was the first European settlement in the area, having existed during the 18th century. The Dutch settlement, built in 1781, does not leave many traces today, though some, such as 30 Boro Kuthi still stand today and are preserved as cultural heritage sites.
- Ceylon was settled by the Zeeland chamber of the VOC in 1602, in order to start trade in cinnamon. The Dutch were welcomed on the island by the king of Kandy, which wanted to get rid of Portuguese influence on the island, and the Dutch sent an envoy to meet the king. Sebald de Weert, who led the envoy, was however murdered in the castle along with several of his accompanying men as they would have insulted the king and some of his servants. This stopped Dutch influence until the king once again reached out to the Dutch to rid himself of the Portuguese in the 1630s. In 1638 a treaty was signed between Kandy and the Dutch, which promised Dutch help in return for trade in cinnamon. Also included in this trade was the promise to split the forts they conquered. The Kandy version said that its king could demand the Dutch to leave their forts when he so desired, whereas the Dutch version did not include this rule, and the Dutch thus took charge of the forts they got out of the treaty. These forts subsequently were used to acquire cheap cinnamon from the king, since he was still indebted to the Dutch.
- In March of 1640, the Dutch started conquering the west side of the island. Because the Dutch wouldn't return the forts because of their version of the treaty demanding no such thing from them, the king of Kandy had the leader of the VOC expedition be murdered. This however, did not change his position. The last Portuguese holdings on the island fell in 1658. After the removal of the Portuguese, the relation between Kandy and the Dutch Republic got tenser. The Dutch had to kneel before the king once per year and offer him gifts as to show their allegiance, which got them permission to harvest cinnamon from the island. In 1760, a Kandy revolt broke out against the Dutch, which managed to burn down the city of Kandy, which forced the signing of the 1766 peace, which gave the entire coastline of the island to the Dutch.
- In the 1780s, the English got interested in the island as well. The king of Kandy turned to them to rid himself of the Dutch in the same way he turned to the Dutch to rid himself of the Portuguese before. The Dutch held out until 1796, when they had to revoke their efforts for the ongoing revolution at home. The Peace of Amiens of 1802 saw the last Dutch holdings transferred to English hands, thus ending the Dutch influence on the island after two centuries.
- 31 Fort Galle , taken from the Portuguese in 1640, is one of the foremost holdings of the Dutch on the island. The fort as well as the old city are well-preserved UNESCO-listed sights.
- 32 Fort Batticaloa
- 33 Fort Jaffna
- 34 Unawatuna Governor's House
- 35 Negombo is a city on Sri Lanka's west coast, featuring the remains of a former Dutch fort, Dutch waterways and a former Dutch cemetery.
- 36 Colombo , the commercial capital of Sri Lanka, features a Dutch governor's house, a museum about VOC involvement, as well as the Wolvendaalsche Kerk, an impressive church built by the VOC, featuring some ornate decorations remembering of Dutch involvement in the city.
- Other forts and buildings left behind by the Dutch can be found the length and width of the island, mostly centring around the coastal holdings. Furthermore, you might run into a Burgher during your journey to Sri Lanka. They are a minority on the island, being descendants from European settlers and indigenous populations. They have mostly emigrated to Australia after Sri Lankan independence in 1947, though the island counted about 40,000 burghers as of 1982.
- 31 Fort Galle
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- Malabar was a commandment of the VOC in India, situated on the Malabar Coast. The region fell into the Dutch sphere of influence following the capture of Portuguese Quilon, and ended with British occupation in 1795. The main reason for taking the Portuguese colony were mostly fuelled by a wish to secure Dutch Ceylon from Portuguese interference, the lucrative pepper trade in the region definitely played a role as well. After invasions of Goa failed in 1604 and 1639, the Dutch instead went for secondary posts along the Malabar Coast. Over time, these included:
- 37 Fort Cochin (1663 - 1795) was the main outpost of the Dutch along the Malabar Coast, it being the capital of the commandment. The Dutch mostly reduced the prevalence of Portuguese elements over their stay in the region, reducing the size of the Portuguese town, the fort and destroying most Portuguese-built public buildings. The harbour, piers and many other naval trade-related elements in the city were strongly developed, however. Among this is Bolgatty Palace , one of the oldest Dutch palaces outside of the Netherlands themselves, being built in 1744.
- 38 Fort Cranganore (1662 - 1770) was a small city with a small fort, yet of notable military importance, being of tactical importance to Cochin. Initially the fort was given to the Zamorin of Calicut in return for his alliance with the Dutch, though starting in 1666, the Dutch started renovating the fort for their own purposes.
- 39 Fort Pallipuram (1661 - 1789) was of similar strategic importance to Cochin, but was sold to the Kingdom of Travancore in 1789.
- 40 Purakkad (1662 - ?), a factory run under direct control from Cochin.
- 41 Fort Quilon (1661 - 1795) was the first Portuguese fort to be captured by the Dutch in late 1663. It served as the commandment's capital until the capture of Cochin less than two years later.
- 42 Kayamkulam (1661 - ?), a factory under direct control from Quilon.
- 43 Fort Cannanore (1663 - 1790), captured in early 1663, was a proper harbour city with a strong stone fort, giving it strategic leverage.
- 44 Vengurla (1637 - 1693), preceding Dutch rule in any of the other places on this list, Vengurla fell under direct control from Batavia (Jakarta) and precedes the establishment of the Malabar commandment by several decades. The factory was founded in order to facilitate spying on the Portuguese in Goa. From 1673, it was a part of Dutch Surate, and from 1676 onward became a part of Dutch Malabar.
- 45 Barselor (1667 - 1682) was established through a treaty with a local ruler. The non-reinforced factory traded in rice and pepper and was closed and abandoned in 1682 following problems with local merchants.
- 37 Fort Cochin
- Suratte, centred and named for the modern-day city of Surat, this directorate of the East India Company consisted of mostly factories. The area was taken by the Dutch as the sultan of Aceh refused them to buy any more cheap cotton, forcing the Dutch to look elsewhere. The colony diminished in importance around 1759, favouring the British-held city of Bombay i stedet. With the 1795 Kew Letters, which transferred Dutch ownership of many colonies to the British, the colony came more or less to a permanent end, though the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 granted the remains of the colony to the Dutch, with the 1824 treaty of the same name permanently dividing East Asia into Dutch and British spheres of influence, which was the final nail in the coffin for the colony, being permanently transferred to the British on December 21st, 1825.
- 46 Suratte (1616-1825), the first trade post and most notable Dutch settlement in the colony, being founded in 1616 by cloth merchant Pieter van den Broecke. The factory's role diminished a lot after the British took the nearby city of Suratte. The post was transferred to the British in the Kew Letters, after which it was briefly controlled by the Dutch from 1818 to 1825.
- 47 Ahmedabad (1617-1744) was a notable Dutch port, which eventually was abandoned in 1744 due to the diminishing of the East India Company.
- 48 Agra (1621-1720) is a notable Dutch settlement. The town was a good month and a half from the city of Suratte, and was therefore rarely visited by inspectors of the VOC. The factory therefore saw a lot of private trading, which was forbidden according to VOC codes of conduct. The rampant corruption in the city made traders willing to isolate them this much from the outside world filthy rich.
- 49 Cambay (1617-1643) was a relatively short-lived port. Ships were unable to dock at low tide, meaning that when a problem with local merchants occurred in 1643, the factory was closed.
Japan
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Japan is fairly well-known to have been closed to the outside world for a large part of its history. The main exception to the rule were the Dutch, specifically the VOC, which had gained the ability to found two factories in 50 Hirado (1609 - 1641) and 51 Dejima (1641 - 1860), both lying in the modern-day prefecture of Nagasaki. The Dutch, being the sole western influence in the whole of Japan, came in contact with Japan during the Edo shogunate. The Dutch brought, amongst other things, many books to Japan, which stimulated an interest in Western learning, called "rangaku" or "Dutch learning". Especially around the time of Japan opening up to the rest of the world under force of the Forenede Stater in 1853, the Dutch influence weakened the reigning Edo shogunate, which helped contribute to its fall.
The two trading posts, both located in Nagasaki, followed each other, with the Dutch transferring from Hirado to Dejima in 1641. The latter was a specially constructed artificial island. On Hirado specifically, you can find the 2011 reconstruction of a warehouse belonging to the former 52 Dutch Trading Post and nearby Dutch Wall. The warehouse itself was built in 1637 or 1639, and almost immediately torn down in 1639, as the building contained stonework depicting the Christian year date of construction, which at the time was disapproved of by the Tokugawa shogunate.
Dejima is where a lot of Dutch influences came into Japanese culture. Amongst other things, the Dutch introduced the Japanese to beer, coffee and chocolate, but also cabbage, tomatoes, the piano, clovers, photography, billiards and photography. The island has since been given a designated status as national historic site in 1922, and restoration was started in 1953, which ended up not going very far. In 1996, the island's shape was more or less restored, and some 25 buildings were restored in their 19th-century state. This was followed by another five buildings in 2000, and six more in 2017. The long-term plans for Dejima are for it to be fully surrounded by water again, thus being restored as an island, but as of 2020, that plan is very much still in progress.
Good relations between the Dutch and the Japanese continued until the Dutch left Nagasaki at the end 1859. This shows in the "Watermannen" (Water men), who were Dutch hydraulic and civic engineers sent to Japan in the 1870s. These men were a part of a larger influx of western knowledge from larger countries like the US, Germany, France and the United Kingdom, though the Dutch were specifically called in for water management and civic engineering. Some twenty years earlier, the Dutch also provided Japan with its first steam-powered warship, which was built in the Netherlands as Soembing, though it was renamed to Kankō-maru when taken into Japanese service. Additionally, quite a few words of scientific or western nature have been adapted from the respective Dutch words, and are retained in speech to this day.
Taiwan
The southern part of Taiwan was colonised by the Dutch from 1624-1662. The Dutch would eventually be defeated by Ming Dynasty loyalist Zheng Chenggong, perhaps better known in the West as Koxinga, who set up the Kingdom of Tungning, from which he hoped to conquer the mainland and re-establish the Ming Dynasty. His son would subsequently be defeated by the Manchu-Chinese Qing Dynasty, resulting in Taiwan being incorporated into the Qing empire.
- 53 Tainan was the site of the first Dutch settlement in Taiwan, and the de facto capital of Dutch Formosa. It retained its status as the capital of Taiwan for much the Qing Dynasty, before the capital got shifted to Taipei in the late 19th century. Today, the ruins of several Dutch forts remain in Tainan and can be visited. Among them are the former Fort Zeelandia, today known as Anping Fort, and the former Fort Providentia, today known as Chih-kan Tower.
Oceania
Many ships using the Roaring Fourties to get to Indonesia got wrecked off the coast of New Holland, modern-day Western Australia. On November 1642, 1 Tasmania was "discovered" and claimed by VOC commander Abel Tasman, exploring from Mauritius under orders of Anthony van Diemen, governor-general of the Dutch East Indies. Tasman named it "Van Diemen's Land", after his patron. A cape and a group of islands in northern New Zealand are still called by names given by Tasman while underway. He reportedly reached Fiji og Tonga, later returning to Batavia. His second voyage took place in 1644; he mapped a part of Australia's northern coast, but failed to find Torres Strait and a possible trade route, and the expedition was deemed a failure.
- 2 Rottnest Island, now a famous nature reserve 18 km (11 mi) from Perth, Rottnest Island was named by Dutch sailors in 1658, believing the local marsupial quokka were large rats (Hence "Rats' Nest Island").
- 3 Houtman Abrolhos. The name of this group of islands is a weird mix between Portuguese and Dutch created by Frederik de Houtman, the first European to discover and name them (1619). Houtman was semi-fluent in many languages, and the accepted theory is that, for the lack of a better Dutch word, he chose the Portuguese nautical slang Abrolhos ("open your eyes", meaning "look out for reefs and rocks around here") to clearly express a mariner's point.
- The islands saw two major shipwrecks over time: first in 1629, when the Batavia ran aground on its maiden voyage. A group of men stayed behind on the island while some went to Batavia using the open rescue boat to get help. A group of the men left behind went on to massacre many of the others, following a mutiny. When rescue forces came back to pick up the rest of the group, many were found dead, including the culprit. Some of the culprits still alive were left behind on the mainland, never to be seen again, making them the first European inhabitants of Australia in recorded history. It is speculated that they or other Europeans with similar fates are the explanation behind the strangely European-looking aboriginals that were discovered during Australia's colonial times.
- Similarly, yet less dramatic, the Zeewijk wrecked on the coast of the island group in 1727. Chaos ensued during the ten months that most of the crew was left behind, trying to survive. The wrecked ship was used to create a rescue craft dubbed the Sloepie (Little Dinghy), which carried 88 towards Batavia. Of them, six died along the way, leaving only 82 of the initial 208 on board to survive the wreck.
- 4 Cape Leeuwin , the most southwestern mainland point of the Australian continent, named by English navigator Matthew Flinders after the first known ship to have visited the area, the Leeuwin ("Lioness"). The logs of the Leeuwin though, are lost to history. The 1627 map that does remain of its voyage is believed to have mapped the area around the somewhat more northern Hamelin Bay; the cape itself is not identifiable on this map.
- 5 Arnhem Land, like Cape Leeuwin, it was also named by Matthew Flinders after the ship known or speculated to have first visited the area, De Arnhem (after the eponymous city in the eastern Netherlands). The region has been made into a reservation for the Yolgnu, one of Australia's biggest native tribes.
Se også
- Other European colonial empires: British Empire, French Colonial Empire, Portuguese Empire, Spanish Empire, Det russiske imperium
- Afrikaans phrasebook
- Age of Discovery
- Atlantisk slavehandel