Luftfartshistorie I konteksten af museum og historieturisme påberåber sig forskellige aspekter af videnskabsturisme, inklusive begge dele civil og militær luftfart.
Forstå
Spørgsmålet om "hvor og hvornår var den første motorflyvning" er kontroversiel; nogle siger, at det blev lavet i Kitty Hawk i 1903 af Wright-brødrene på deres Flyer (der var behov for en katapult, og vidnesbyrd er knap, da Wright-brødrene arbejdede i hemmelighed og var bange for industriel spionage); andre giver denne ære til den brasilianske opfinder Alberto Santos-Dumont og hans 14-bis. Den 23. oktober 1906 tog han afsted under flyets egen magt for en lang række vidner på grund af Paris'Château de Bagatelle i Bois de Boulogne, i en afstand på 60 m i en højde på ca. 5 m, den første kraftige flyvning med tungere end luft i Europa, der er certificeret af Aéro Club de France og Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). Denne kontrovers er ikke beregnet til at være et emne for en rejseguide, men tilbagebetaler studiet til videnskabs- og historiefans.
Dette var dog ikke første gang, mennesket fløj. Otto Lilienthal eksperimenterede med svævefly et årti før, og allerede i 1783 tog brødrene Montgolfier fart i verdens første bemandede luftballon. Selvom flyvning med "lettere end luft" således havde vist sig at være mulig i det 18. århundrede, tvivlede mange mennesker - inklusive respekterede forskere som Lord Kelvin - i det meste af det 19. århundrede på, at luftfart "tungere end luft" nogensinde ville blive mulig. Brødrene Wright beviste imidlertid, at skeptikerne forkerte og på det tidspunkt Første Verdenskrig begyndte, var fly blevet et militært aktiv i rekognoscering, hvis ikke nødvendigvis i kampene. Mens Zeppelins var en imponerende kunst inden for human engineering, kostede deres høje investeringsomkostninger og deres indledende teknologiske problemer, der kun blev regnet ud på det tidspunkt, hvor Hindenburg-katastrofen (på grund af meget brandfarligt brint blev brugt i stedet for helium, som på det tidspunkt næsten var helt under amerikansk kontrol) skete, stoppede deres udvikling i 1930'erne.
I dag er blimps, luftskibe, der i modsætning til Zeppelins får deres form fra gastryk snarere end et indre skelet, en mindre faktor i luftfarten, og som balloner er et sideshow i dagens luftfartsbillede, der er domineret af "tungere end luft" til det punkt, at flyvende forstås næsten universelt som fly.
Militær luftfart
- Se også: Militær turisme
Balloner havde set nogle lejlighedsvis brug til rekognoscering i det 19. århundrede. Østrigske tropper bombet Venedig fra luften i 1849 og Amerikansk borgerkrig så rekognosceringsballoner, som dog blev hæmmet af manglen på effektiv langdistancekommunikation som radio. Luftfart blev imidlertid afskediget som et redskab af mange militæreksperter, selv efter at de første gennemførlige fly dukkede op. Luftfart spillede en lille rolle i Stor krig men blev en stor bidragyder (og strategisk komponent) i anden Verdenskrig. Første verdenskrig producerede de første "flyvende esser", piloter, der blev fejret for deres dygtighed i luft-til-luft-kamp, og der var meget mytologi omkring den formodede ridderkraft i luftkampen sammenlignet med den stadig mere brutale, meningsløse og industrialiserede slagtning i skyttegravene - dog , de fleste af disse historier har kun lidt grundlag.
Et luftangreb på Pearl Harbor var et vigtigt skridt i eskalering af Stillehavskrig, mens bombning af byer og civile befolkninger var udbredt i Anden Verdenskrig i Europa. Byer som Coventry, Guernica, Rotterdam (bombet efter Nederlandene allerede havde overgivet sig) og senere Hamborg, Dresden eller Berlin blev udjævnet næsten udelukkende ved luftbombardement og bærer arene fra denne nye type krigsførelse den dag i dag. Tømmerindrammede huse og en tæt bygget historisk gammel by plejede at være kendetegnende for de fleste byer i Centraleuropa, men bombningen (og efterfølgende kortsynt byplanlægning) sikrede, at de ville blive en sjældenhed i større byer. Luftfart revolutionerede også militærlogistik. Mens tidligere en hær måtte vælge mellem at bevæge sig langs forsyningslinjerne eller holde sig i et bevidst tempo, mens forsyningsledningerne bagpå var sikret eller "leve af landet", blev det på tidspunktet for 2. verdenskrig tænkeligt at forsyne en hær med fly og som sovjeterne skulle lære under Berlin-blokaden i 1940'erne, gjaldt det samme for hele civile byer. Mens det almindelige billede af "rosinbomberen" får dem til at levere mest mad, var kul faktisk det mest almindelige leveringssted, og flyene fløj endda i et helt kraftværk til Vest-Berlin, som indtil da delvis var afhængig af det omkringliggende område for dets strømbehov. I Sydøstasien, den japanske Mitsubishi A6M Nul fighter ville få et frygtindgydende ry, da de forældede fly, der blev efterladt af briterne for at forsvare deres kolonier, ikke var nogen match for de mere avancerede japanske krigere. Krigens tidevand ville til sidst begynde at vende sig mod Japan i slaget ved Midtvejs, Juni 1942, da amerikanerne sank Japans fire største hangarskibe og således var i stand til at få luftoverlegenhed resten af krigen.
Det Koreakrigen og Vietnam-krigen så luftbombardementer i hidtil hidtil uset målestok, og der var flere bomber kastet over junglerne i Indokina under krigen end på Europas byer under Anden Verdenskrig. Der har heldigvis været få symmetriske krige siden, men industrielle kræfter bruger ofte luftbombardementer i asymmetriske krige, da det udgør mindre fare for deres egne soldater end jordkamp. Det er imidlertid sværere at skelne civile fra militære mål fra luften, en kendsgerning, som oprørere, terrorgrupper og andre undertiden bruger som en militær taktik og til propagandaindsats. Luftoverlegenhed ville igen vise sig at være afgørende i 1982 Falklandsøerne Krig, hvor det argentinske Dassault Mirage IIIEA og Douglas A-4 Skyhawk-fly ikke viste nogen match for de britiske Harriers, hvilket til sidst førte til sejr for briterne og overgivelsen af den argentinske besættelsesstyrke. De store involverede afstande viste også grænserne for selv et moderne militær til at projicere sin magt, da mange fly måtte tanke op i Azorerne og Tristan da Cunha på vej fra det britiske fastland til Falklandsøerne.
Kommerciel flyrejse
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Kommerciel, der var tungere end flyrejser, blev født i årene mellem de to verdenskrige og så flyvning blive en levedygtig transportmulighed for at rejse langdistance. Nogle af nutidens globale luftfartsikoner, herunder Australiens Qantas, Holland ' KLM og Air France blev grundlagt i denne periode. Delta Air Lines kan også spore sin oprindelse tilbage til flere virksomheder grundlagt i 1920'erne. I mellemkrigstiden Tyskland, som var blevet forbudt at udvikle militær luftfart i henhold til Versailles-traktaten, udviklede et "civilt" luftfartsprogram, der netop "tilfældigvis" omfattede fly, der var næsten identiske i form, ydeevne, kapacitet til nyttelast, rækkevidde og hastighed til de nuværende militære modeller. I den æra blev den første inkarnation af Deutsche Luft-Hansa grundlagt, men det nuværende firma med dette navn adskiller sig lovligt fra den moderne Lufthansa, som Lufthansa kan lide at påpege, når deres 1932 PR-flyvninger til Hitler eller krigsforbrydelser er emnet for samtale, men glemmer gerne, når gamle mellemkrigsfly flyves rundt i traditionens navn.
Talrige faktorer, ikke mindst hvilke militære overvejelser og det faktum, at mange højtstående nazister personligt ikke kunne lide Zeppelins (Göring havde været en militærpilot i første verdenskrig) samt det faktum, at USA ikke ønskede at levere helium til Nazityskland forårsagede, at Zeppelins fortsatte med at blive fyldt med brændbart brint, førte til en kæde af begivenheder, der sluttede det eneste bemærkelsesværdige Zeppelin-program. Mens luftskibe af nogle former fortsat har visse militære anvendelser og stadig bruges til deres nyhedsværdi i sightseeing og reklame, gik den "gyldne æra" af det stive luftskib i røg i Lakehurst i 1937.
1950'erne og 1960'erne blev kendt som "Golden Age of Air Travel", da flyvning kun var et privilegium for de beskidte rige, og flyselskaber konkurrerede med hinanden om at tilbyde den mest luksuriøse service om bord med de mest attraktive stewardesser. Introduktionen af den første jetflyfly, de Havilland Comet, i 1952 indvarslede jetalderen, som gjorde det muligt for fly at køre afstande hurtigere end nogensinde før. Nogle ikoner fra den æra inkluderer Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) og Trans World Airlines (TWA) af De Forenede Stater, som lukkede i henholdsvis 1991 og 2001, og British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), som blev fusioneret i British Airways i 1974. Blandt de mest prestigefyldte flyruter fra den æra er ruterne London-New York og London-Sydney, der fortsat drives som henholdsvis flagskibsruterne for British Airways og Qantas.
I 1970'erne blev to ikoniske passagerfly introduceret til kommerciel passagertjeneste: Boeing 747, også kendt som Jumbo Jet, i 1970 og supersonisk Concorde i 1976. Concorde ville dække afstanden mellem Londons Heathrow Airport og New Yorks John F. Kennedy International Airport på under 3 timer og barbere sig mere end 2 timer fra den tid, som subsoniske jetfly tog. På grund af de høje driftsomkostninger var billetpriserne på Concorde imidlertid ublu (endnu dyrere end første klasse på subsoniske passagerfly), hvilket gjorde det til et populært fly for berømtheder, men ellers uoverkommelig for meget af offentligheden. Concorde ville ophøre med at operere i det tidlige 21. århundrede, hvor British Airways trak deres sidste Concorde tilbage i 2003. Mens Concorde var en begrænset kommerciel succes for Air France og British Airways, var det aldrig engang tæt på at inddrive nogen af de investerede udviklingsomkostninger. af de franske og britiske stater, der driver Europa mod konsolidering i flyfremstilling. Samtidig klarede det sovjetiske supersoniske fly, Tupolev Tu-144, sig værre og blev trukket tilbage fra tjeneste efter kun få år. Andre forslag til passagerstråle med overlyd, herunder et af Boeing, gik aldrig forbi planlægningsfasen. Concorde er et af de bedst bevarede fly i historien i den forstand, at en stor del af de samlede producerede fly stadig er bevarede og kan besøges. På en måde er Concorde på jorden mere tilgængelig for den gennemsnitlige person, end den nogensinde var i løbet af sine flyvende dage. På den anden side var Boeing 747 en kæmpe succes og blev det foretrukne medium til langdistancefly for mange luftfartsselskaber over hele verden (og endda for indenrigsruter med kort afstand, men med store volumener i Japan), og selvom det i vid udstrækning er blevet afløst af nyere og mere moderne fly til passagertjeneste i dag, bliver det fortsat produceret og brugt i vid udstrækning som fragtskib.
I slutningen af 1970'erne startede dereguleringen af flyindustrien med vedtagelsen af Airline Deregulation Act i USA i 1978. Dette resulterede i et fald i billetpriserne, hvilket gjorde flyrejser tilgængelige for meget af middelklassen i de udviklede lande. for første gang. Imidlertid gjorde fremkomsten af stærkere antidiskrimineringslove i vestlige lande i den periode det ulovligt at favorisere ansættelse af kabinebesætninger i en bestemt alder eller køn, hvilket markerede en afslutning på æraen med unge, attraktive stewardesser. De lavere billetpriser ville også oversættes til et fald i servicestandarder i økonomiklasse, da luftfartsselskaber nu var i stand til at tilbyde mindre dikkedarer til gengæld for bedre priser. I 1990'erne blev den europæiske Union vedtog en stadig mere "åben himmel" -politik, som - kombineret med privatisering af flagbærerne, fremkomsten af højhastighedstog og jerntæppets fald - førte til et intenst konkurrencepræget marked, der stadig ikke har slået sig ned i nogen form for stabil ligevægt.
I 1990'erne blev produktion af kommercielle fly konsolideret til duopolet fra Boeing, baseret i USA, og Airbus, baseret i Western Europa. Mens fremstillingen af store kommercielle fly stadig domineres af de to førnævnte virksomheder, er markedet for mindre regionale fly mere konkurrencedygtigt, hvor de mest bemærkelsesværdige producenter er Brasiliens Embraer, Canadas Bombardier og Frankrigs Avions de transport regionale (ATR), selvom de regionale jetafdelinger af de to tidligere er erhvervet af henholdsvis Boeing og Airbus. Russiske og kinesiske producenter (med hjælp og nogle direkte ejet af deres respektive regeringer) gør en indsats for at komme ind på det regionale jetmarked og til sidst endda for at udfordre Airbus-Boeings duopol af større jetfly, men hidtil har de ikke været alle det lykkedes uden for deres egne lande.
I begyndelsen af det 21. århundrede ekspanderede budgetbærere eksponentielt, de mest kendte Southwest Airlines i USA, Ryanair i Europa og AirAsia i Sydøstasien. Disse luftfartsselskaber tilbyder en service uden ekstraordinære priser med bundkortbilletter, med mulighed for at betale ekstra for nogle af de dikkedarer, der tilbydes i fuldtidsflyselskaber, hvilket gør flyrejser endelig tilgængelige for meget af arbejderklassen. Dette har rystet luftfartsindustrien til sin kerne, hvilket resulterede i konkurs for mange fuldtidsflyselskaber, der ikke var i stand til at konkurrere, og mange af de overlevende, der skar yderligere ned på service i økonomiklasse for at kunne tilbyde konkurrencedygtige priser med budgetførerne . Samtidig konkurrerer mange flyselskaber om at tilbyde de mest luksuriøse første og business class produkter med introduktion af liggestole i langdistanceklasse. Dette har ført til den moderne tendens, hvor luftfartsselskaber fjerner mere og mere dikkedarer fra økonomiklasse for at reducere omkostningerne, samtidig med at de tilbyder mere og mere luksuriøse første- og business class-produkter.
Imidlertid drager lavprisselskaber også fordel af adskillige subsidier og underhandlede forretningstaktikker. Lufthavne som Hahn (Tyskland) opnåede aldrig overskud og kan aldrig håbe på det. Hvis lokale politikere hæver landingsgebyrer, opgiver flyselskabet lufthavnen. Tilsvarende er piloter ofte i et flyselskab i meget kort tid og betaler meget mindre end gennemsnittet i branchen. Nogle luftfartsselskaber går endda så langt som at implementere "pay to fly", hvor piloter skal betale for "privilegiet" at optjene de nødvendige flyvetimer for at bevare deres licens. I 2017 skete der flere ting med Ryanair, der satte spørgsmålstegn ved deres forretningsmodel, herunder strejkeforsøg og en alvorlig mangel på piloter, der ikke var på ferie. Konkurrence fra højhastighedstog synes at være den eneste alvorlige trussel luftfart, som en transportform står over for i det 21. århundrede. Mange ruter i Asien og Europa, hvor tog nu tager fire timer eller mindre fra bymidte til bymidte, har set flyselskaber tvunget til at sænke priserne, reducere frekvensen eller droppe helt ud af markedet. På samme tid luftbanealliancer har sikret, at nogle luftfartsselskaber er i stand til at skære ned på uøkonomiske føderflyvninger og erstatte dem med tog.
Se
Australien
- 1 Center for luftfartsarv (Darwin), ☏ 61 8 8947 2145. Aviation Heritage Center har en imponerende samling af fly og displays, der skildrer territoriets engagement i luftfart fra de tidlige pionerer til jetalderen. Præmieudstillingen er en B-52 bombefly på permanent lån fra United States Air Force, en af kun to på offentlig visning uden for USA. Centret ligger 8 km fra Darwin city og er på stedet for hård luftkamp, der fandt sted overhead under 2. verdenskrig.
- 2 Qantas Founders 'Museum, Longreach Lufthavn (på motorvejen øst for byen). Det er ikke tilknyttet Qantas, men det fejrer deres tidlige år i byen, som de startede fra. En række historie og statiske udstillinger. Tilbyder dyre, men interessante ture i en ex-Qantas 707 og 747-200 inklusive vingeture og adgang til undervognen. Et værdig pilgrimssted for luftentusiaster. $21 .
Brasilien
- 3 Brasiliansk luftfartsmuseum (Museu Aeroespacial), Av. Marechal Fontenelle - Sulacap (Rio de Janeiro / Zona Norte), ☏ 55 21 2108-8954. Tu-F 09: 00-15: 00, weekender 9: 30-16: 00. Åbnet som Campo dos Afonsos flyveplads, er det "vuggen for den brasilianske militære luftfart" og stedet for den første luftfartsorganisation oprettet i Brasilien: Aeroclube do Brasil (Flying club of Brazil), oktober 1911. I dag er området en af de brasilianske luftvåbens vigtigste luftbaser med det tilstødende museum, der huser en god samling af fly, motorer osv. Inklusive kopier af Santos-Dumonts hovedmaskiner. , det 14-bis og Demoiselle.
- 4 Cabangu Museum (Santos-Dumonts fødested) (16 km fra Santos Dumont, Minas Gerais). Huset, hvor Alberto Santos-Dumont blev født, i hans families kaffefarm, er nu et museum dedikeret til sin barndom.
- 5 Santos Dumonts hus (En Encantada), Rua do Encanto, 22 (Petrópolis), ☏ 55 24 2247 5222. Tirs-sø 09: 00-17: 30 (billet indtil 17:00). Kælenavnet "The Enchanted", denne hytte i alpestil var Alberto Santos Dumonts sommerresidens. Efter at have købt en tilsyneladende ubrugelig bjergskråning, designede han smart huset selv, angiveligt for at vinde et væddemål med sine venner, der tvivlede på, at det kunne gøres; i dag er det et museum, der viser hans genstande, bøger, breve og møbler samt nogle berømte indenlandske opfindelser af ham: et alkoholdrevet varmt brusebad og en indgangstrappe med padleformede trin, som kun kan bruges startende med højre fod. Der er også Centro Cultural 14a, der er knyttet til huset, hvor du kan se en kort film om ham. Rummet har taktile modeller og tilgængelighed for besøgende med særlige behov. R $ 8 (fuld pris), R $ 4 (halv pris).
Canada
- 6 National Air Force Museum of Canada (tidligere kendt som RCAF Memorial Museum), 220 RCAF Road, CFB Trenton (8 fløj) (Trenton, Ontario), ☏ 1613-965-RCAF (7223), momsfri: 1-866-701-7223. 10-17. Dedikeret til at bevare historien om Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Åbnet 1. april 1984 på RCAFs 60-års jubilæum. Hjem til en stor samling af RCAF-fly og artefakter, herunder Nordamerikas eneste Halifax Bomber. Ledig.
- 7 Gander International Airport, 1000 James Boulevard (Gander, Newfoundland og Labrador), ☏ 1 709-256-6677. Når det vigtigste mellemlandingssted for transatlantiske flyvninger mellem Nordamerika og Europa er det siden faldet drastisk i betydning, fordi fremskridt inden for teknologi har ført til fly med længere rækkevidde, der kan flyve direkte mellem de store europæiske og nordamerikanske byer. Men terminalbygningen fra 1950'erne overlever, og Ganders lufttrafikstyring spiller fortsat en afgørende rolle i transatlantiske flyvninger. Den 11. september 2001 blev mange flyvninger omdirigeret gennem lufthavnen, og de lokale indkvarterede dem i en stor ånd af venlighed, der blev fejret i nyhederne verden over som et stykke god nyhed på en frygtelig dag. Lufthansa (som er vant til at navngive fly efter tyske byer) opkaldte endda et fly efter Gander til ære for byen og dens borgere. Ledig.
Kina
- 8 China Aviation Museum (中国 民航 博物馆; Zhōngguó Mínháng Bówùguǎn), Datangshan, Chanping District (昌平 区 小汤山) (Beijing / nordlige forstæder. Cirka 50 km uden for Beijing, (fra oktober 2011) skal du tage bus 643 fra Tiantongyuan North Metrostation (天通苑 北) på linje 5). 8.00-17.30. Et must-see for alle luftfartsfans. Det er sandsynligvis bedre kendt under navnet Datangshan. Museet er vært for over 200 udstillinger, hvoraf mange er meget sjældne. Indgangen til jorden udstillinger var gratis (okt 2011). Der er et entrégebyr til den indendørs skærm og bøjlen ¥ 20, og en ekstra ¥ 10, hvis du vil gå ombord på formand Maos fly og en anden ¥ 10 om bord på en DC-8 (Orbis) og ¥ 10 for at sidde i en MIG- 15.
Finland
- 9 Suomen Ilmailumuseo (Finsk luftfartsmuseum), Tietotie 3 (Vantaa), ☏ 358 9 870-0870, ✉[email protected]. 10:00–17:00. Tæt på Helsinki-Vantaa lufthavn. Et museum med over 70 fly (både civile og militære) samt flydele, udstyr og fotos. €9/6.
- 10 Luftfartsmuseet i det centrale Finland, Tikkakoskentie 125 (Tikkakoski-distriktet, 20 km fra Jyväskylä mod nord). Små hærfly og -udstyr inde i en museumsbygning, især fra 2. verdenskrig. Simulator-timer (lørdage; Messerschmitt Bf 109) skal bestilles på forhånd. 10 € / 5; simulator € 40-70.
Frankrig
- 11 Musée de l'air et de l'espace (Le Bourget lufthavn) (11 km fra Paris). Le Bourget, London's Croydon og BerlinTempelhof var "trioen med klassiske europæiske lufthavne", hvis design påvirkede alle andre, der kom senere. Det er berømt som landingsstedet for Charles Lindberghs historiske transatlantiske overgang i 1927 og som udgangspunkt to uger tidligere for den franske biplan The White Bird (L'Oiseau Blanc), der startede i sit eget forsøg på en transatlantisk flyvning, men derefter på mystisk vis forsvandt (det eneste kendte resterende stykke - det bunkerede hovedlandingsudstyr - opbevares her). Nu er det, udover at være vært for det parårige Paris Air Show, Frankrigs vigtigste statsejede luftfartsmuseum. Dens højdepunkter inkluderer en Concorde-prototype og rester af den ubevæbnede P-38, der blev fløjet af Antoine de Saint-Exupéry på hans sidste mission, genvundet fra Middelhavet.
- 12 Bagatelle felt (Paris / 16. arrondissement). Websted for Santos-Dumonts første flyvning. Et monument blev bygget for at fejre denne præstation.
Tyskland
Tyskland var blandt de forreste inden for lettere end luft, der flyvede i den første tredjedel af det 20. århundrede, og navnet på grev Zeppelin står stadig for et stift, skeletbaseret luftskib (i modsætning til rammeløse blimps). Tyskland så også luftfartspioneren Otto Lilienthal gennemføre mere og mere dristige eksperimenter, indtil man endelig dræbte ham, delvis på grund af det daværende utilstrækkeligt forståede fænomen med stall. Efter at Tyskland tabte Første Verdenskrig, fastsatte Versailles-traktaten stramme grænser for bevæbning, blandt andet forbuddet mod et luftvåben. Selv i Weimar-tiderne forsøgte regeringen imidlertid at undgå at følge reglerne, og støtten til privat og civil luftfart i 1920'erne og 1930'erne var en måde, de forskellige regeringer omgåede disse forbud på. Dette førte både til passagerflyselskaber med høj anseelse (Lufthansa i sin første inkarnation blandt dem) og et luftvåben (Luftwaffe) i god kampform kommer 2. verdenskrig. Sammen med nye og forbedrede kampvogne revolutionerede sidstnævnte krigsførelse på bekostning af hundreder af tusinder af liv. Da nazisterne kom til magten, opfordrede de også svæveflyvning som en hobby til at opbygge en bestand af unge mænd, der var fortrolige med aerodynamik og det grundlæggende i at flyve "billigt" og igen omgå forbud mod Versailles-traktaten. I dag udgør resterne af de virksomheder, der var banebrydende for den tyske luftfart, kernen i Airbus, en af de to største flyproducenter i verden, og endda Zeppelin-selskabet er stadig omkring at bygge små halvstive luftskibe (dybest set blimps med en køl) som en side vove sig.
- 13 Dornier Museum, Claude-Dornier-Platz 1 (tæt på Friedrichshafen lufthavn). Maj-oktober (sommer): dagligt 09: 00-17: 00. Nov-apr (vinter): Tu-Su 10: 00-17: 00, M lukket. Alle kan være en pioner - dette er det centrale budskab i Dornier Museum Friedrichshafen, der blev åbnet i sommeren 2009 og tilbyder en 100 års luftfarts- og rumfarthistorie som en fascinerende oplevelse. Den ekstraordinære arkitektur rummer næsten 400 udstillinger på 5000 m², inklusive 12 originale fly, 7 udstillinger fra rumrejser og en model i fuld størrelse. € 9 voksne, € 4,50 børn, € 7 indrømmelser.
- 14 Zeppelin Museum, Seestraße 22 (Friedrichshafen). Dette museum ligger i den historiske havnestationsbygning og præsenterer verdens største samling om luftskibshistorie, konstruktion og rejser. Under samme tag kan du besøge en vigtig kunstsamling fra den sene middelalder til i dag. Hovedattraktionen er den 33 m lange rekonstruktion af en del af LZ 129 Hindenburg i sin oprindelige størrelse, som besøgende kan gå ombord ligesom de oprindelige passagerer gjorde i 1930'erne. De autentisk indrettede passagerrum giver et indtryk af, hvordan folk rejste i perioden med "sølvkæmperne". To hele etager på Zeppelin Museum er dedikeret til forskellige aspekter af Zeppelin historie og teknologi. Ud over den permanente udstilling arrangerer museet specielle begivenheder og midlertidige udstillinger. Zeppelin-firmaet tilbyder også ture med et moderne luftskib produceret af Zeppelin omend ikke -en Zeppelin i teknologisk forstand (dvs. strukturen holdes ikke op af et indre skelet, selvom det ikke har en køl), der starter ved € 200 pr. Pop. € 8 voksne, € 4 indrømmelser.
- 15 [dødt link]Luftwaffenmuseum der Bundeswehr (Tyske luftvåbenmuseum; RAF Gatow), Flugplatz Gatow 33 (Berlin / Nord; fra S U Rathaus Spandau, tag bus 135). På en tidligere Luftwaffe og Royal Air Force (RAF) flyveplads, RAF Gatow, der fungerede som Vestberlins tredje lufthavn indtil 1994. Museets fokus er på militærhistorie, især historien om Luftwaffe af Bundeswehr, med en samling på mere end 200.000 genstande, inklusive 155 fly, 5.000 uniformer og 30.000 bøger. Der er også displays (inklusive fly) om flyvepladsens historie, da den blev brugt af RAF. Fly inkluderer gengivelser af Otto Lilienthals svævefly, af første verdenskrigs fly som Fokker E.III-triplanen og 2. verdenskrigs fly som Bf 109 og Me-262 samt mindst et fly af enhver type, der nogensinde skal tjene i luftstyrkerne i Øst- og Vesttyskland. De fleste af disse fly efter krigen er dog opbevaret udenfor på asfalten og landingsbanerne, og mange er i dårlig stand. Der er langsigtede restaureringsprojekter, herunder en Focke-Wulf Fw 190.
- 16 Auto & Technik Museum (tæt på Sinsheim; skiltet fra afkørsel 33 eller 34 på A6 Autobahn.). åbent dagligt. Har interessante udstillinger af mange veteranbiler, motorcykler, andet maskineri og en omfattende samling af fly, herunder en russisk Tupolev 144 og en engelsk-fransk Concorde.
- 17 Otto Lilienthal Museum, Ellbogenstraße 1 (Anklam, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern), ☏ 49-3971-245500, ✉[email protected]. Dagligt 10: 00-17: 00. Oprettet på Lilienthals fødested, grundlagt i 1927. På udstillingen er forskellige genstande, der hører til Otto Lilienthals liv og arbejde, essays, dokumenter, herunder et fotoarkiv, replikaer og modeller af alle kendte svævefly og fly fra Lilienthal og en stor samling af svævefly og modeller af fly. Desuden viser den historien om brødrene Otto og Gustav Lilienthal, meget produktive opfindere af dampmaskiner, legetøj samt initiativtagere til adskillige sociale og kulturelle projekter. Otto Lilienthal var navnebror til den nedlagte Tegel lufthavn i Berlin.
- 18 Tegel International Airport (Flughafen Berlin-Tegel "Otto Lilienthal"), Berlin / Reinickendorf og Spandau. Tegel var lufthavnen for den franske sektor og senere den dominerende lufthavn i Vestberlin under den kolde krig. Det var planlagt som en dobbelt sekskant, selvom der kun blev bygget en sekskant (Terminal A) plus to ikke-sekskantede terminaler (Terminal C og D). Det ophørte med operationen den 8. november 2020. Af juridiske og sikkerhedsmæssige årsager vil Tegel holdes operationel for lufttrafik i yderligere seks måneder uden at håndtere ruteflyvning, inden den nedlægges som luftfartsanlæg den 3. maj 2021. Det mindre militære område på den nordlige side af Tegel vil stadig blive brugt til statslige helikopterflyvninger indtil 2029; hovedterminalen overtages af et universitet for anvendt videnskab.
- 19 Tempelhof lufthavn, Berlin / Tempelhof og Neukölln (Tage U6 til "Platz der Luftbrücke", "Paradestraße" eller "Tempelhof" for at komme ind i parken.). Solopgang til solnedgang. "Moren til alle lufthavne" er ifølge Sir Norman Foster en enorm levn fra førkrigstiden. Første flyvninger på den daværende paradeplads blev allerede gennemført i det første årti af det 20. århundrede, før det blev en fuld lufthavn i 1920'erne med sådanne dignitarier som præsident Friedrich Ebert blandt de første passagerer. Tempelhof var en af de første lufthavne, der havde en større terminalbygning (dengang den største bygning i verden, før den blev overgået af Pentagon), den første, der var forbundet med byens jernbanenet i byen (Berlin U-Bahn ) og var et stort hotspot for den kolde krig, herunder en flyvning, der blev udført af polsk LOT beregnet til (Øst-) Berlin-Schönefeld, der blev kapret og bortført der for at flygte fra øst til vest. Den ikoniske terminalbygning (bygget under nazitiden) var det hot spot i Berlins luftfartsløft (Berliner Luftbrücke) i 1948-49. I 1951 blev der tilføjet et monument til dets indgangsplads - derefter omdøbt til "Airlift Square" - for at fejre luftløftene over Berlin-blokaden. Lufthavnen var med i film som Billy Wilders Et to tre. Tempelhof lukkede som lufthavn den 30. oktober 2008. I dag er flyvepladsen en rummelig park med mange besøgende om sommeren og efteråret. Terminalbygningen er stadig fascinerende - haller og nabobygninger, der er beregnet til at blive porten til Europa, er stadig kendt blandt de største byggede enheder verden over. Terminalbygningen bruges som et sted for modeuger eller messer. Tempelhof, i det 21. århundrede, var et politisk emne med hurtig knap: først var det genstand for en mislykket afstemning om at holde den åben som lufthavn. Et par år senere var en afstemning for at forhindre nybyggeri i udkanten vellykket og bevarede således det åbne byrum på bekostning af en forværret boligmangel. Parken er gratis; guidet tur i bygningen € 15.
- 20 Cargolifter Hall (Tropiske øer) (kør sydpå fra Berlin-Schönefeld i ca. 50 km på A 13 (Berlin-Dresden) Autobahn; der er langdistance busforbindelse og en gratis shuttlebus fra Brand togstation også). Dette er en af resterne af et af de mest nysgerrige kapitler i halvstiv luftskibshistorie. I løbet af 1990'erne og begyndelsen af 2000'erne så det ud som om stive luftskibe kom tilbage for fragt. Zeppelin begyndte faktisk at bygge luftskibe igen (dog ingen med et fuldt indre skelet), men alle øjne var rettet mod en opstart, der lovede at gøre store ting med et nyt fragtluftskib og indsamlede investorpenge for at gøre denne drøm til virkelighed. Efter at have bygget en skalamodel og en gigantisk luftskibshal i landdistrikterne Brandenburg, måtte virksomheden erkende, at de langt fra havde undervurderet omkostningerne ved deres bestræbelser, og da der ikke var flere penge til stede, lukkede virksomheden ned i 2002. Men alt gik ikke tabt, da en investor købte luftskibshallen; ikke at gemme luftskibe, husk dig - der er overraskende lidt efterspørgsel efter det - de byggede en af de største indendørs swimmingpool / landskabsattraktioner. Efter at venture gennemgik nogle økonomiske problemer, som det ser ud til at have stabiliseret sig for nu, og selvom det ikke rigtig fremmer sin luftskibsrelaterede historie, er hallen alligevel imponerende, og besøgende kan få et glimt af den store skala af luftskibet, der aldrig var.
- 21 Hamburg Finkenwerder lufthavn. Airbus, som et europæisk selskab med forskellige europæiske stater som interessenter, producerer deres fly overalt i Europa, men Finkenwerder er hvor kunderne får deres nye fly. Lufthavnen bruges også til flyrejser af Airbus-selskabet, og du kan få en guidet tur.
- 22 Deutsches Museum Flugwerft Schleißheim (Oberschleißheim nord for München). En del af Deutsches Museum, et museum oprettet af den visionære Oscar von Miller med det lidt megalomaniske forslag om at være et "museum for alt (teknologi)". Mens hovedmuseet i München / Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt still houses a few aerospace related exhibits, the majority of the planes got too large for the main museum and are thus housed here, outside Munich proper.
Indien
- 23 Indian Air Force Museum (adjacent to the Palam Air Force Station in Delhi). The display gallery contains historic photographs, memorabilia, uniforms and personal weapons of the Indian Air Force, from its inception in 1932. This gallery leads to a hangar exhibiting small aircraft and Air Force assets like anti-aircraft guns, vehicles and ordnance. Larger aircraft are exhibited outside the hangar, along with several war trophies, radar equipment and captured enemy vehicles.
- 24 (Vasco da Gama, adjacent to the Dabolim airport). Tu-Su 10AM–5PM. This museum contains exhibits that showcase the evolution of the Indian Naval Air Arm over decades. It's divided into two main parts, an outdoor exhibit and a two-storeyed indoor gallery. This is a great place to see vintage aircraft like the Sealands, Doves, Alizes, Seahawks, Vampires, a Super Constellation and Hughes helicopters, along with the relatively newer Sea Harriers. It claims to be the only one of its kind in Asia. Admission is free.
Italien
- 25 Italian Air Force Museum (Museo Storico Aeronautica Militare), Vigna Di Valle (on the southernmost point of Lake Bracciano, between Bracciano and Anguillara), ☏ 39 0699887509, ✉[email protected]. Tu-Su 09:30-16:30 in winter and 09:30-17:30 in summer. A superb collection of planes housed in the hangars of Italy's first seaplane base. Exhibits range from the pioneers of flight and World War I fighters up to Italian military planes of the present day. This is one of the largest collections of its type in the world, really well displayed. Ledig.
- 26 Leonardo da Vinci Museum of Science and Technology (Museo Nazionale della Scienza e della Tecnologia), S.Vittore Street (Milan/West, reachable by bus or subway, line MM2 Sant'Ambrogio Station). Hosted in a former monastery, San Vittore al Corpo. The Air Transport section exhibits several airplanes, including a Farman 1909 replica and an original Macchi MC 205 V used during World War II. There are also modern military aircraft, like an Italian Fiat G.91, a North American F-86K and a Republic F-84F Thunderstreak.
- 27 Gianni Caproni Aeronautical Museum (Museo dell’Aeronautica Gianni Caproni), Via Lidorno, 3 (Trento, adjacent to the airport), ☏ 39 461-944 888. Italy's oldest aviation museum, and the country's oldest corporate museum, established in 1927. Just outside the museum and airport, a Lockheed F-104G Starfighter is pointed to the sky, and stands as a gate guardian.
Japan
- 28 Museum of Aeronautical Science (航空科学博物館 kōkū kagaku hakubutsukan) (Narita, about 15min by bus from Narita Airport (JR/Keisei Station).), ☏ 81 479 78-0557. Tu-Su 10AM-5PM., Closed year end and new years holidays. The Museum of Aeronautical Science displays relevant artifacts to the aviation history of Japan, including aircraft. Also of note is the observation deck on the fifth floor, with views over Narita Airport. From here you can watch aircraft landing and departing, log numbers, and take photographs.
- 29 Tokorozawa Aviation Museum (所沢航空発祥記念館), 1-13 Namiki (Tokorozawa), ☏ 81 4-2996-2225, fax: 81 4-2996-2531. 9:30AM-5PM. Japan's first airfield, which started operations in 1911 with a flight by Yoshitoshi Tokugawa. The original single runway is still visible and has been incorporated into the larger multifunction Tokorozawa Aviation Memorial Park, adjacent to the museum. It contains aircraft and other displays (many of which interactive), and an IMAX theatre.
Letland
- 30 Riga Aviation Museum (På Riga-Spilve International Airport). 09:00-18:00. Bored at the airport? Check out the Riga Aviation museum, which contains several rare aircraft. €5.
New Zealand
- 31 Omaka Aviation Heritage Centre, 79 Aerodrome Rd, Blenheim (New Zealand) (beside Omaka Aerodrome (not Blenheim Airport) 5 km from town, route sign-posted off SH6), ☏ 64 3 579 1305, ✉[email protected]. Daily 10AM-5PM (last entry 4PM) except 25–26 Dec. Collection of World War I planes lovingly restored and captured in realistic settings. Part of the attraction is the association of Peter Jackson (of Lord of the Rings fame) and Weta Workshop with the display. His team has turned what could be just a collection of planes into a drama enjoyed by even those with little interest in aviation or military history. Worth it. Has a cafe. Adult $25, child (5–14) $10, concessions available.
Polen
- 32 Polish Aviation Museum (Muzeum Lotnictwa), al. Jana Pawła II 39 (Czyżyny district, Kraków/East), ☏ 48 12 640 99 60. Tu-Su 09:00 - 17:00. A museum consisting of a new pavilion (good contemporary architecture) and few hangars filled with over two hundred historic gliders, aircraft, helicopters and more. Among them is a collection of 22 extremely rare antique planes that once belonged to Hermann Göring. The museum stands on the grounds of the Rakowice-Czyżyny airfield, one of the oldest military airfields in Europe. Tuesdays free.
Rusland
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- 33 Museum of the Great Patriotic War (Центральный музей Великой Отечественной войны), Ploschad Pobedy (Площадь Победы), 3 (Moscow/Outskirts, M: Park Pobedy). Tu-Su 10:00-19:00, Th 10:00-20:00. Impressive museum, features an external section with displays of vintage Soviet aircraft flown in World War II. - Adults RUB200, Seniors, students RUB100.
- 34 Memorial Museum of Astronautics (Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics or Memorial Museum of Space Exploration,), Prospekt Mira (просп. Мира), 111 (Moscow/Outskirts, M:VDNkH (ВДНХ) or Monorail), ☏ 7 (495) 683-7968, ✉[email protected]. Tu-Su 11:00-19:00. A museum in Moscow, dedicated to space exploration.- The museum contains a wide variety of space-related exhibits and models which explore the history of flight; astronomy; space exploration; space technology; and space in the arts. The museum's collection holds approximately 85,000 different items.
- 35 Central Air Force Museum (Центральный музей Военно-воздушных сил РФ) (Monino, East Moscow Oblast, about 40 km east of Moscow. Take a local train from the Yaroslavl Station in Moscow.). W-F 09:30-13:30, 14:15-17:00, Sa Su 09:00-14:00. 173 Russian and Soviet military planes and 127 engines, including rarities and prototypes, are on display in the Central Air Force museum. In addition you can see uniforms, weapons and other air force equipment. Descriptions of exhibits are for the most part in Russian only, with some English translations available. The museum is on a military base, so there's identity check on entry (foreigners no longer need a special permit). Check if the museum is open before visiting, it was planned to close for an unspecified time in the summer 2016 but it has still received reviews in September 2016.
Singapore
- 36 Kallang Airport, 9 Kallang Airport Way. Singapore's first purpose-built civil aviation airport, opened in 1937 and regarded as one of finest in the Det britiske imperium at the time of its opening. It was a major stop on the "Kangaroo Route" between London og Sydney for both Qantas and BOAC. Malayan Airways, the precursor of today's award-winning Singapore Airlines, was founded here in 1947. It was closed in 1955 after the completion of a new airport at Paya Lebar, though the Art Deco terminal building still stands, and the former runway survives in part as a public road known as Old Airport Road. British Airways and Qantas continue to operate their London-Sydney flights with a stop in Singapore, albeit using the much bigger and more modern Changi Airport. ledig.
Sverige
- 37 , Kabinvägen, Hangar 4 airside (Stockholm Arlanda Airport), ☏ 46 8-593 600 33. Tu Th 10:00-15:00, or by appointment. Aircraft, uniforms and furnishing from early Scandinavian aviation.
- 38 Swedish Air Force Museum (Flygvapenmuseum), Carl Cederströms gata 2 (Linköping), ☏ 46 13-495 97 00. The museum in the suburb of Malmen features over a hundred aircraft from the early 20th century to the modern age.
Ukraine
- 39 Ukrainian State Aviation Museum (Державний музей авіації України (Жуляни)), Medovaya str., 1 (Kiev, inside the old Zhulyany Airport), ☏ 380 44 241-2583, 380 44 461-6485, 380 44 451-8314, ✉[email protected]. Many impressive Soviet civil and military aircraft on display, including an An-2, Tu-104, Il-62, Il-76, an Il-86 and constantly improving. The museum is opposite to the airport terminal, which is an industrial zone. To get there, you can either take Trolleybus #9 from the main train station - Kyiv Passazhyrskyi (South exit)/Vokzalna metro stop or #22 from Shuliavska (Шулявська) metro station, both until Sevastopolska Square. From there, take the minibus 220 that will take you straight to the museum (last stop). Walking in the surrounding area after dark is not advisable as the area is poorly lit and stray dogs are present. 50 грн.
Det Forenede Kongerige
- 40 Royal Air Force Museum London (former RAF Hendon airfield), Grahame Park Way, London NW9 5LL, ☏ 44 20 8205-2266. A nationally important collection of military aircraft, including a few that served with the RAF's foes. Free (but parking charges apply).
- 41 Imperial War Museum Duxford (RAF Duxford) (nær ved Cambridge). This World War II airfield, the main filming location for the famous Battle of Britain movie with Michael Caine, nowadays houses the Imperial War Museum's aircraft collection, and is the largest aviation museum in Europe, featuring a fleet of lovingly mantained Spitfires and Tiger Moths that fly almost daily. As well as military aircraft, it houses a large collection of non-military aircraft including a Concorde. There is also a land warfare museum attached that has many examples of armoured vehicles from the First World War onwards. A proper visit needs a full day. Bus Citi 7 takes about an hour to get there from the city centre or the bus station. Make sure that you board the Citi 7 bus that says Duxford as the Citi 7 bus also goes to two other places. Also note the time of the last bus to leave the museum as later buses go to the village of Duxford but not out to the museum. Flight shows are sometimes held; these days will be very busy.
- 42 Farnborough Air Sciences Trust Museum (FAST), Trenchard House, 85 Farnborough Road, GU14 6TF (Farnborough, Hampshire), ☏ 44 1252 375050. Sa Su bank holiday M 10AM-4PM. The birthplace of British aviation, Farnborough was used for research and development of balloon technology as early as the 1880s. After the first powered flight in Britain in 1908, the town became heavily involved in the aerospace industry, and saw many landmark moments throughout the 20th century, including one of the claimants for first jet aircraft, and the development of Anglo-French supersonic airliner Concorde. The FAST Museum charts this history, and you can also visit other sites and monuments connected to the industry around town. Ledig.
- The Shuttleworth Collection (nær ved Biggleswade). Collection of vintage aircraft.
- 43 National Museum of Flight Scotland, East Fortune Airfield EH39 5LF (off A1 near Haddington east of Edinburgh). Apr-Oct daily 10:00-17:00, Nov-Mar Sa Su 10:00-16:00. 4 hangars of aircraft, including Concorde G-BOAA. Adult £12.
Forenede Stater
- 44 Wright Brothers National Memorial, 1000 North Croatan Highway (Kitty Hawk, North Carolina), ☏ 1-252-441-7430. Dsily 9AM–5PM (closed on Dec 25). Celebrates and explains the first successful controlled, sustained, powered, heavier-than-air flights, which the Wright brothers performed here in 1903. The visitors center has a model of the original aircraft, and interpretive talks. Outside, stone markers show the start and ending points of the first four flights. The adjacent First Flight Airport (KFFA) offers a 3000' runway for day use, with tie-downs but no fuel or other services. Compared to the time of the first flight, Kill Devil Hill has shifted south a short distance due to wind, and is planted with grass to keep it in place. It is topped by an art deco monument to the Wright brothers, and Orville attended its dedication. Follow US Highway 158 to mile 7.5, turn west into Memorial. $7/adult, children 15 years or younger free, free with passes.
- 45 National Air and Space Museum, 655 Jefferson Dr SW (Washington DC), ☏ 1 202 633-1000. 10AM-5:30PM daily, except December 25. The most-visited museum in the U.S., with over 8 million visitors per year, this impressive repository covers the history of human flight, rocketry and space flight. It contains thousands of impressive artifacts, including the Wright brothers' 1903 Flyer, Lindbergh's Spirit of St. Louis, Apollo 11's command module Columbia, and the simulated bridge of an aircraft carrier. Free Admission.
- 46 Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center - National Air and Space Museum (Dulles Air and Space Museum), 14390 Air and Space Museum Parkway (Chantilly, Virginia, near Dulles International Airport), ☏ 1 202 357-2200. This branch of the Smithsonian museum opened in 2003 to house many illustrious air/spacecraft that would not fit into the 1976 museum in the Mall. The Udvar-Hazy collection includes the SR-71 "Blackbird" spy plane, the Concorde supersonic jet, the B-29 Enola Gay af Hiroshima fame, the Super Constellation, and the space shuttle Discovery. In addition, the museum contain an observation tower and an IMAX theater. The museum is free; there is a charge for the IMAX. Parking is available for $15/vehicle..
- 47 , 1750 Radford Blvd (Pensacola, Florida), ☏ 1 850 452-3604. 9AM-5PM. The Naval Aviation Museum is the most popular tourist destination in Pensacola, and it offers a comprehensive look at the history of flight in the Navy, Coast Guard, and Marine Corps. The 150 beautifully restored aircraft are the biggest draw here; make sure to check out the Blue Angels jets hanging in the atrium, and the only C-130 Hercules to have ever landed on an aircraft carrier. Kids will enjoy the flight simulator, and the IMAX theater shows a visually stunning documentary, the History of Flight. Practice demonstrations by the United States Navy Flight Demonstration Squadron, the Blue Angels, may be viewed from the museum most Tuesday and Wednesday mornings between March and November. These practices are weather permitting, and a tentative practice schedule may be viewed on the Blue Angels’ website. Free, but donations welcome. $8 for IMAX tickets..
- 48 National Museum of the U.S. Air Force, 1100 Spaatz St (Dayton, Ohio), ☏ 1 937 258-1218, fax: 1 937 258-3816. 9AM-5PM daily, closed fourth Th of Nov, 25 Dec, and 1 Jan. The world's largest military aviation museum with over 300 aircraft on display from the earliest days of aviation to modern prototypes. It is well maintained and interesting even for non aviation buffs. Highlights include the B-2 stealth bomber, a Mercury space capsule, and the very cool V-22 Osprey tilt-rotor craft. Ledig.
- 49 , 22156 Three Notch Rd (Lexington Park, Maryland 20653; Take MD-4 south, then turn right on MD-235). Patuxent River Naval Air Station is the Navy's primary aircraft test facility. Virtually every aircraft flown by the Navy since World War II has been tested at Pax River. The base is, of course, not open to the public, but you can visit the Naval Air Museum without coming onto the main base. It includes a large collection of jet-age Navy aircraft, including the F-4J Phantom II, the F-14A Tomcat, F/A-18A Hornet, S-3B Viking, E-2B Hawkeye, AV-8B Harrier II, and the two experimental aircraft that competed for the Joint Strike Fighter contract, the Boeing X-35C and the Lockheed-Martin X-32B. Visitors can walk up and touch the aircraft. Museum exhibits also include flight motion simulators. Free; donation requested.
- 50 Pima Air & Space Museum, 6000 E Valencia Rd (Tucson, Arizona), ☏ 1 520-574-0462. Daily 9AM-5PM (last admission at 4PM); closed Thanksgiving and Christmas. Features over 300 historic aircraft on an 80-acre site with five hangars, two of them devoted to World War II. Veterans and volunteers are often on hand to answer any questions, and there are daily walking tours of the grounds. There is an onsite restaurant. $15.50 (adults), $12.25 (Pima County residents), $12.75 (seniors/military), $9 (children 5-12), free (children under 5).
- Tram Tour, ☏ 1 520-574-0462. As the grounds are so large, a tour tram is offered for those who do not wish to walk. The guided tour lasts one hour and covers 1½ miles and more than 150 planes. Departure times vary, so it is best to call ahead or inquire at the entrance. Price is in addition to museum admission: $6 (adults), free (children under 6).
- 51 Aerospace Maintenance and Regentation Center (AMARC / Boneyard), ☏ 1 520-574-0462. M-F; times vary so best to call ahead. A separate, very interesting tour can be booked to see the Aerospace Maintenance and Regentation Center, located nearby on Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, where 4200 aircraft are stored. As the facility is an active military base, an ID is required (all nationalities welcome). Visitors are not permitted to leave the bus, and non-essential backpacks/camera bags are not permitted (storage is available at the museum). These tours are very popular and cannot be reserved ahead; tickets are sold only on the day of the tour on a first-come basis, so it is best to arrive early. $7 (adults), $4 (children under 13).
- 52 Edwards Air Force Base, 1 S. Rosamond Blvd (Mojave, Californien; take the 14 south to Rosamond, then take Rosamond Blvd. east out of town and follow it directly to the base), ☏ 1 661 277-3510. Edwards AFB is very famous as det American military flight test center, home to Chuck Yeager and co. in the 1950s and 1960s, the scenario to nearly all the action seen in famous movie The Right Stuff: a massive testing and training ground for the USAF and NASA. The Air Force Flight Test Museum is inside the base, and tours are available. See the website for details. Note that this is an active military base so ID will be required and visitors may be required to submit to a search. Edwards AFB is best known for being similar to Area 51, but usually most of the time, test and experimental aircraft will come out of the hangar to experiment. This Air force base was built in 1933 and opened for use in 1948, for the USAF and NACA. In 1958, NACA has been changed to NASA, making Edwards a NASA base. The site of the first Space Shuttle landing, it became a back-up site to the prime landing location, the Shuttle Landing Facility at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
- 53 NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center (Dryden Flight Research Center). Known as the Dryden Flight Research Center until the name was changed in 2014, this center has played an important role in the history of flight. Before NASA, NACA ("National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics") operated and tested the transsonic Douglas Skyrocket. The center also conducted the Controlled Impact Demonstration in 1984, a test in which a Boeing 720 aircraft was remotely piloted and intentionally crashed in order to study fuel additives meant to reduce fires in the case of a crash. Other experiments have included "aerospike" engines and supersonic rockets. Five lunar landing research vehicles were tested at the base, one of which is available for viewing.
- 54 Aircraft on display. There are a lot of iconic aircraft, such as Balls 8, NASA's venerable B-52 Stratofortress, famous as the X-planes' mothership, on display at the base's North and West gates. Take a lot of pictures of these planes when you are driving or walking in Edwards AFB.
- 55 Rogers Dry Lake. Dry most of the year, the hard surface of the lakebed provides an extension for runways at Edwards, and is home to approximately 16 runways. Many notable aeronautic achievements have taken place above.
- 53 NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center (Dryden Flight Research Center). Known as the Dryden Flight Research Center until the name was changed in 2014, this center has played an important role in the history of flight. Before NASA, NACA ("National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics") operated and tested the transsonic Douglas Skyrocket. The center also conducted the Controlled Impact Demonstration in 1984, a test in which a Boeing 720 aircraft was remotely piloted and intentionally crashed in order to study fuel additives meant to reduce fires in the case of a crash. Other experiments have included "aerospike" engines and supersonic rockets. Five lunar landing research vehicles were tested at the base, one of which is available for viewing.
- 56 Blackbird Air Park, 2503 E. Avenue P (Palmdale, Californien; take Highway 14 or Sierra Highway to Avenue P, turn east, drive to 25th Street East.), ☏ 1 661 274-0884. F-Su (except in inclement weather) from 11AM to 4PM Pacific Time. On Federal Government holidays both airparks are closed. The Blackbird Airpark Museum is an extension of the Air Force Flight Test Museum at Edwards AFB, right next door to the Joe Davies Heritage Airpark (formerly Palmdale Plant 42 Heritage Airpark). Both are manned by retirees who had previously worked in the aerospace industry, some actually having worked on the aircraft displayed at the two parks. All of the aircraft have been carefully restored for public display. View and walk around retired SR-71A (Blackbird), A-12 and U-2 aircraft. Both are free to the public.
- 57 Museum of Flight, 9404 E Marginal Way S (Seattle, Washington; next to the Boeing 737 factory at King County Airport), ☏ 1 206 764-5720. Daily 10AM to 5PM except 1st Thursday of month 10AM to 9PM. Consists of an indoor area that is further divided into the history, jet age, airport operations, and space travel, and an outdoor section where you can sneak inside retired airplanes. The collection includes 131 aircraft and spacecraft ranging from wood and fabric crates to the SR-71, Space Shuttle Trainer, a retired Air-Force One and a Concorde. Tours to the vicinity of the airport inside a van are available, but most spots do not allow cameras for security purposes. The Museum offers a large educational outreach program including weekend family workshops, the Aerospace Camp Experience (ACE) summer day camp, and an aviation high school. $20 adults, $12 youth (5-17), children (4 and under) free, $17 active military and seniors (65 ). Lower fares available for groups of more than 10 people. Free on first Thursday of the month from 5PM until 9PM.
- 58 Future of Flight Aviation Center & Boeing Tour, 8415 Paine Field Blvd., Mukilteo, Washington (fra Everett, take I-5 Exit 189, WA Hwy 526 west 4 miles (6.4km), past the huge Boeing building on your right, then at the 4-way stoplight turn left onto Paine Field Blvd and follow signs for the museum), ☏ 1 425-438-8100, momsfri: 1-888-467-4777, fax: 1 425-265-9808, ✉[email protected]. 8:30AM-5:30PM daily, except for a few holidays; tours start 9AM-3PM. Boeing's Everett factory is the world's largest building by interior volume. It is where the Boeing 747, 767, 777, and 787 airliners are made. The factory is viewed from an observation floor, leaving you a few hundred yards/meters from any aircraft, and the tour can be rather bland and commercial. No cameras or electronics allowed on the tour, not even your cell phone! Tours start from the Future of Flight Aviation Center, which has a gallery and theatre presentations which are fairly interesting, but don't take very long to view. On the observation deck of the museum, you can watch planes land and take off from the runway, with air traffic control audible on speakers; aircraft are often being tested before delivery to Boeing's customers. At Paine Field, there are the Boeing tour and these adjacent independent museums. However, if you only have time for one aviation museum on your trip, you might consider skipping this in favor of the Museum of Flight in South Seattle, which is much larger and engaging than the Boeing tour. $15 for museum and tour ($8 for 15 years and under); $9 for museum only. Reservations recommended for tours. Must be 4 feet (122 cm) or taller. Lockers $1 (for storing items not allowed on the tour).
- 59 Historic Flight Foundation (John T. Sessions Historic Aircraft Foundation), 10719 Bernie Webber Dr (Paine Field, Mukilteo, Washington), ☏ 1 425 348-3200, ✉[email protected]. Tu-Su 10AM-5PM. A collection of the most important aircraft produced between 1927 and 1957 (e.g. P-51 Mustang, B-25 Mitchell, Spitfire mk. IX)—all restored and airborne again. $15, $12 senior/military, $10 youth (11-17), kids 10 and under free.
- 60 Flying Heritage Collection, 3407 109th Street SW (Paine Field, Everett, Washington), momsfri: 1-877-FHC-3404 (342-3404). 10AM-5PM; daily from Memorial Day to Labor Day, Tu-Su the rest of the year. Microsoft founder Paul G. Allen's collection of rare military aircraft of the 20th century, which comprises artifacts from Germany, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Collection opened to the public in 2004. $14, $12 seniors/military, $10 youth (6-17), kids 5 and under free.
- 61 The Museum of Flight Restoration Center, 2909 100th St. SW (Paine Field, Everett, Washington). 9AM-4PM; Tu-Sa June–August, Tu-Th and Sa the rest of the year. $5, $3 youth (5-17), kids 4 and under free.
- 62 Museum of Flying, 3100 Airport Ave (at Santa Monica, Californien; Santa Monica Airport (KSMO)), ☏ 1 310-398-2500. F-Su 10AM-5PM. Centered around artifacts from the Douglas Aircraft Company, which used to manufacture iconic aircraft like the DC-3 at the Santa Monica Airport. It includes many aircraft in static display, from a replica Wright Flyer to World War II fighters to the microjet which appeared in the James Bond film Octopussy. "Rides" in a full-motion flight simulator are $8 each. $10 adults.
- 63 Planes of Fame Air Museum, 7000 Merrill Ave. #17 (Chino Airport, Southern California), ☏ 1 909 597-3722. Su-F 10AM-5PM, Sa 9AM-5PM; closed Thanksgiving & Christmas Day. This museum covers the history of flight, from an 1896 Chanute hang glider through the Space Age. Of special note is the largest collection of Japanese aircraft, including the only original Zero fighter still flying (it appears in the famous Tora! Tora! Tora! movie). Many of the aircraft are the only remaining examples of their kind. 12 and up: $11; 5-11: $4; under 5: Free; Seniors (65 ) and Veterans: $10; Active duty military, police, and firefighters: Free.
- 64 Yanks Air Museum, 7000 Merrill Avenue #35-A270 (Chino Airport, Southern California), ☏ 1 909 597-1735. M-Sa 8AM-4PM. This museum owns 160 aircraft, including the largest private collection of World War II American fighters and dive bombers in the world. 12 and up: $11; 5-11: $5; under 5: Free; Seniors (65 ): $10.
- 65 La Guardia Marine Air Terminal, 1 Marine Terminal Rd (East Elmhurst, New York 11371; Terminal A at La Guardia Airport, separate access from the main Terminal 'B' from Grand Central Pkwy). Completed in 1939, this Art Deco terminal is part of New York City's LaGuardia Airport, and one of the oldest airport terminals still in active use as the terminal for JetBlue airline.
- 66 Evergreen Aviation and Space Museum, 500 NE Captain Michael King Smith Way (McMinnville, Oregon 97124), ☏ 1 503 434-4180. Daily 10AM-4PM.
- 67 Tillamook Air Museum, 6030 Hangar Rd (Tillamook, Oregon; Hangar B at the airport which is 4.6 mi (7.4 km) south of town via US Hwy 101 and Long Prairie Rd), ☏ 1 503 842-1130. W-Su 10AM-4PM.
- 68 Anchorage International Airport. Once a major stop for aircraft flying from North America and Europe to East Asia, due to the limited range of earlier aircraft, as well as the prohibition on aircraft from the Western Bloc flying into Soviet or Chinese airspace. It has since fallen on harder times with an underutilised international terminal (the North Terminal), as newer aircraft have the range to fly nonstop from major U.S. and Canadian cities into East Asia, and Russia and China have also granted overflight privileges to Western Bloc aircraft since the end of the Cold War. That said, Anchorage remains a major hub for cargo flights between North America and East Asia.
- 69 Air Mobility Command Museum, 1301 Heritage Rd, Dover AFB, Delaware (the museum has its own entrance gate on Rte 9. Just use exit 91 on Rte 1), ☏ 1 302 677-5938. Tu-Su 9AM-4PM. The museum is on the Dover Air Force Base. The museum has a McDonnell Douglas VC-9C jet, serial number 73-1682, that transported America’s top leadership from 1975 until 2011. It was mainly used as Air Force Two, but was occasionally used as Air Force One when Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush visited locations with smaller airports. Free parking and admission.
- 70 Delta Airlines Museum, 1060 Delta Blvd; Bldg. B, Dept. 914, Atlanta, Georgien, ☏ 1 404 715-7886. Tu-Su 9AM-4PM. At the Delta Flight Museum, guests can explore rare aviation artifacts and airplanes, enjoy interactive exhibits, and even pilot a real Boeing 737 flight simulator. They offer regular surplus sales selling aircraft components and equipment used on their flights like the drink carts. Check schedules for when the sales are scheduled. Free parking and admission.
- 71 New Orleans Lakefront Airport, 6001 Stars and Stripes Blvd #219, New Orleans, Louisiana. Originally the main airport serving New Orleans, it was superseded by the current Louis Armstrong Airport in that role in 1946, and today only serves general aviation. The Art Deco terminal building was encased in concrete in the 1960s during the Kold krig so it could function as a bomb shelter, but was restored to its original 1930s appearance starting from 2013. Free parking and admission.
Museum aircraft carriers
- 72 USS Midway Aircraft Carrier Museum, 910 N. Harbor Dr (San Diego/Downtown, Californien), ☏ 1 619 544-9600. Daily 10AM-5PM. Take a self-guided tour of the USS Midway (CV-41), a former aircraft carrier of the US Navy. The Midway is home to a collection of former naval aircraft housed on her expansive flight deck. Guided tours and displays offer a unique look into the life aboard and of a powerful old warhorse. $20 adults, $17 seniors, $15 students, $10 retired military/youth, children under 5 and active military free (discount if purchased online).
- 73 USS Hornet, Pier 3, Alameda Point (Alameda, Californien), ☏ 1 510 521-8448. Det USS Hornet (CV-12) is a retired World War II aircraft carrier that fought numerous battles in the Pacific and also retrieved the astronauts of Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 after splashdown. The ship is run as a museum, with the hangar deck, flight deck, and some other areas open to wander around in, and tours offering the chance to see control rooms, engineering facilities, and other areas of this retired warship.Allow a minimum of three hours; ideally five or more. Admission is $14 for adults, $12 for students.
- 74 USS Yorktown (Patriot's Point) (Mount Pleasant, South Carolina; U.S. 17 N from Charleston, right onto Coleman Blvd. Right at first light.), momsfri: 1-866-831-1720. 9AM-6:30PM. Tour the USS Yorktown (CV-10), a decommissioned World War II aircraft carrier that served as recovery ship for the Apollo 8 space mission, and was used in the movies Tora! Tora! Tora! og The Philadelphia Experiment. There are other ships and submarines at the park. $18 adults, $15 seniors/military, $11 children, free for military in uniform. $5 parking.
- 75 USS Lexington Museum on the Bay, 2914 N. Shoreline (Corpus Christi, Texas), momsfri: 1-800-523-9539, fax: 1 361 883-8361, ✉[email protected]. 9AM-5PM Winter, 9AM-6PM Summer, daily except Thanksgiving and Christmas. The very oldest remaining WWII aircraft carrier, commissioned in 1943, the USS Lexington (CV-16) is the recipient of 11 battle stars and the Presidential Unit Citation, now a museum. See naval life, the ship, and aircraft complement. Adults $13.95, Children $6.95, Parking $3.
- 76 Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum, Pier 86, 12th Ave & 46th St (Manhattan/Theater_District), ☏ 1 212 245-0072. Apr-Sep: M-F 10AM-5PM, Sa Su 10AM-6PM; Oct-Mar: Tu-Su 10AM-5PM. The aircraft carrier USS Intrepid (CV-11) is docked here and loaded with spacecraft and aircraft, including the very cool Blackbird spy plane and the prototype Space Shuttle Enterprise. On the other side of the dock is a guided-missile submarine and a Concorde, both of which you can tour also, and some tanks. The Concorde here is notable for being the one that was once jointly-operated by British Airways and Singapore Airlines in the 1970s, during which it was painted with Singapore Airlines livery on the port side and British Airways livery on the starboard side. $16.50 adult.
Scale-model collections
Ever since there has been aviation, there have been skilled model-makers creating scale representations, with many flying models engineered to the same exacting precision of their full-scale counterparts. Reportedly, 'model' flying machines -such as kites in China- got airborne centuries before manned flight first took place. Whilst a number of the museums mentioned above may have aviation models on show, those noted in this section are specifically scale model collections.
- National Model Aviation Museum, 5151 East Memorial Drive Muncie, Indiana (Indiana, USA), ☏ 1 765 287-1256 ext 504. $5.
- The Stanzel Model Aircraft Museum, 311 Baumgarten Street, Schulenburg, Texas (Schulenburg, USA), ☏ 1 979-743-6559.
Gør
The museums listed above may also offer activities like flight simulators, or on special occasions, tour flights.
Begivenheder
Here are some notable air shows around the world, but there are many more. Especially in the United States where there are often several taking place around the country each summer weekend.
- 1 Abbotsford International Air Show, Abbotsford International Airport (Trans-Canada Highway 1 to exit 87 (Clearbrook), follow signs for airshow to King Road.). Held the second weekend in August, it attracts visitors from all over the world. Flight demonstrations primarily by Canadian and US craft. Static displays of aircraft, Canadian Forces units, and local police and RCMP detachments.
- 2 Aero India, Bangalore. Held in the second week of February every alternate year (the next one is in 2021), this is Asia's premier air show. Spanning 5 days but open to the public only on the last 3 days (F-Su), the show at Yelahanka Air Force Base in the northern part of Bangalore comprises a defence exhibition and air show. Fighter jets from around the world are on flying and on static display. Normally, there are two air shows every day - one in the morning and the other in the afternoon. Tickets can be purchased online or at select outlets - scan the newspapers for more information. (Purchasing a ticket at outlets requires you to show a photo identification and tickets are non-transferable.)
- 3 Africa Aerospace and Defence Expo, Air Force Base Waterkloof, Pretoria. A combined airshow and trade exhibition, also open to the public, taking place biannually in September. There are planes on display, aerobatics and parachuting shows and hands-on activities for kids.
- 4 Australian International Airshow (Avalon Airshow), Avalon Airport. Described by the organizers as the biggest airshow in the Southern Hemisphere (and the 2017 show had more than 200,000 visitors), it takes place biannually in odd years. Military aircraft from different countries' airforces as far as from the UK and USA are often on display and performing. Manufacturers display new military planes and helicopters, but also civilian planes.
- 5 China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition (中国国际航空航天博览会) (near the Zhuhai Airport), ☏ 86 756 3375602, fax: 86 756 3376415, ✉[email protected]. Held every two years, it's the biggest airshow in China, attracting thousands of people and companies around the world including well-known Boeing, Airbus and Ilyushin. This show has already become the top card of Zhuhai.
- 6 Dayton Air Show, Dayton International Airport in Vandalia, Ohio (8 miles north of Dayton, Ohio). This annual Air Show takes place on a weekend in late June. The history of this flight exhibition dates back to 1910 and the Wright Company (Orville and Wilbur were both born at Dayton). Frequent guests include the Blue Angels, the U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds, U.S. Army Golden Knights, the F-18 Super Hornet, B-2 Spirit, B-52 Stratofortress, A-10 Thunderbolt, P-51 Mustang, C-5 Galaxy, and more.
- 7 EAA AirVenture (Oshkosh airshow) (Oshkosh, Wisconsin). last Monday in July through Sunday. One of the world's great aviation gatherings. A week-long aviation event offering seminars, product demonstrations, aircraft tours and daily airshows. One of the largest airshows in the world. Hundreds of thousands of people drive in, tens of thousands of aircraft fly in. A tent city sprouts under the wings of parked aircraft and beyond. Be on the alert for closed roads all around Wittman airport and Highway 41 during the festival. Hotels can be filled for tens of miles around, but local universities open their dorm rooms, and private homes their spare bedrooms, to the visitor. See the AirVenture and Chamber of Commerce websites for leads on housing. If you plan to fly in to Wittman airport during AirVenture, you must absolut get the AirVenture NOTAM and follow it carefully.
- 8 Eastbourne Airbourne, Eastbourne Seafront, ☏ 44 1323 415 415 (phone number of the Eastbourne tourism agency). This is an annual airshow that takes place over the sea. Every summer, the Red Arrows, helicopters, parachutists, and other fast jets come and fly for four days. There are other ground attractions too, including live music, with the local paper claiming that 12,000 people watched Scouting for Girls perform in 2015. The main attractions are at the Western Lawns near the Wishtower, although you can get some pretty good views from the foot of the South Downs. It's free, although the organisers appreciate donations as it is quite expensive to run.
- 9 Farnborough International Airshow, Farnborough, Det Forenede Kongerige. 20-26 July 2020. Held in Farnborough Airport for one week in July every two years. Public days are the last weekend only, although there are many locations around town to watch the displays all week. Local pub beer gardens, such as The Swan and The Prince Alexander are good places to try. On-site, exhibits cover civilian & military aircraft both static and as an aerial display. The show's stunning highlight is the RAF display team the "Red Arrows". You can also visit town during the so-called "practice week", which normally lasts a week to ten days before the show opens, although flying display times are unpredictable and often repetitive.
- 10 ILA Berlin Air Show, Berlin ExpoCenter Airport, Messestrasse 1, 12529 Schönefeld (18 km southeast of Berlin). The Berlin Air Show held in mid-May demonstrates the capabilities and achievements of all areas of the global aerospace industry.
- 11 MAKS (Moscow Air Show), Ramenskoye Airport (40 km southeast of central Moskva). International Air Show held near Moscow. The first show, Mosaeroshow-92, was held in 1992. Since 1993, it was renamed "MAKS" and is held in odd years.
- 12 Paris Air Show, Le Bourget Airport (Paris). The world's calendar-oldest air show. It's held in odd-numbered years. The Paris event starts with four professional days closed to the general public, and then Friday, Saturday and Sunday the public, including children, are allowed in.
- 13 Reno National Championship Air Races, Reno-Stead Airport, ☏ 1 775-972-6663. Held every September just north of Reno, the National Championship Air Races have become an institution for northern Nevada and aviation enthusiasts from around the world. Each year, the event draws 200,000 visitors to the Reno-Stead Airport, attracting more than 86,000 unique fans. The event features six racing classes, a large display of static aircraft and several military and civil flight demonstrations. The Reno-Stead Airport is a small regional airport about 10 miles north of Reno. This airport has nothing to do with the Reno-Tahoe International Airport, the main commercial airport for the Reno-Tahoe area.
- 14 Royal International Air Tattoo, RAF Fairford. The world's largest military airshow. It's held the third weekend in July every year, and usually sees about 150,000 visitors. Military aircraft from all over the world are on display.
- 15 Sunderland Airshow, Sunderland. Europas største gratis airshow hvert år på Roker strandpromenade normalt den sidste weekend i juli
- 16 Sun n 'Fun, Lakeland. slutningen af marts eller begyndelsen af april. En større ugelang fly-in (general luftfartsmøde) og airshow. Nogle år optræder internationale luftakrobatikhold.
- 17 Warbirds Over Wanaka, Wanaka. Et fly show afholdt hver anden påske lang weekend. Det næste show er i 2022. Se over 50 fly fra biplanerne i første verdenskrig, stjernerne i 2. verdenskrig, Korea-krigerne og Vietnams jetfly. Også militære køretøjer og Harley Davidson motorcykler.
Søvn
- 1 Jumbostay (Arlanda lufthavn, nord for Stockholm, Sverige). Jumbovägen 4 nær Arlanda lufthavn, er lidt af en nyhed og tæt på lufthavnen. En afviklet Boeing 747 Jumbo-jet konverteret til et vandrerhjem til backpackere. Alt indeni er nyt og rent, og linned er inkluderet i opredte senge. Fladskærms-tv i hvert værelse er en luksus for vandrerhjem, og hvis du virkelig vil plaske ud, er der cockpitsuiten. På ulempen er der ikke meget af en atmosfære, når du kommer over nyheden ved at blive i en jet.
- Costa Verde, Puntarenas-provinsen, Quepos, Costa Rica, ☏ 506 2777 0584. Beliggende på en bakke med udsigt over Stillehavet er dette et afslappet hotel med ombyggede fly.
- 2 TWA Hotel, John F. Kennedy International Airport, New York City. Hotel konverteret fra den ikoniske tidligere TWA-terminal ved Terminal 5 designet af den berømte finsk-amerikanske arkitekt Eero Saarinen til brug for den nu nedlagte Trans World Airways (TWA).
Købe
- 1 Overskudssalg af Delta Air Lines, Hapeville, Georgia, USA. Hver måned sælger Delta varer, som de ikke længere har brug for, med indtægter til gavn for Delta Flight Museum i Hapeville. Udvalget varierer, men kan omfatte ting som førsteklasses pladser fra pensionerede fly, serveringsudstyr og bestik, vintageuniformer og merchandise og kontormøbler.